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Flashcards for Short answer questions

326 cards where the term can be tested as a short answer question. Study these as flip cards Random

Software development steps (the order) Process Programming Fundamentals (Year 11)

The fixed sequence of the development cycle: requirements definition, determining specifications, design, development, integration, testing and debugging, installation, maintenance.

Example: Order to memorise: Requirements, Specifications, Design, Development, Integration, Testing and debugging, Installation, Maintenance.

Where you would use it in the test

Drag into order: Drag the steps into the correct order (this is exactly what the familiarisation paper asked)
Multiple choice: Which step comes before design?
Fill in the blanks: Choose the missing step from a dropdown
Short answer: Outline what happens in a named step

Memorise: Software development steps and algorithm design

Requirements definition Process Programming Fundamentals (Year 11)

Finding out what the client needs: gathering and documenting the problem, users, functional and non-functional requirements and constraints (client scenario, environment, objectives).

Example: Outline pattern: 'Meet the client and document what the software must do, such as login and data storage.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Which task belongs to requirements definition?
Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks or dropdown: choose this term to complete a statement or table.
Short answer: Outline the purpose of this step

Memorise: Software development steps and algorithm design

Determining specifications Process Programming Fundamentals (Year 11)

Turning requirements into a detailed description of what the software will do: inputs, processes, outputs, data, performance, technical needs and compliance. Tools include IPO charts, data dictionaries and Gantt charts.

Example: Requirements say WHAT the client wants; specifications say exactly HOW WELL and in WHAT FORM the software will deliver it.

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks or dropdown: choose this term to complete a statement or table.
Short answer: Describe how specifications differ from requirements

Related past questions: Familiarisation Q1 (1 mark): Development steps

Memorise: Software development steps and algorithm design

Design Process Programming Fundamentals (Year 11)

Planning the solution before coding using modelling tools: algorithms (pseudocode, flowcharts), structure charts, DFDs, class diagrams, storyboards, decision trees and data dictionaries.

Example: Link each design tool to its purpose: DFD = data movement; structure chart = module hierarchy; class diagram = classes and relationships.

Where you would use it in the test

Drawing: Draw a DFD, structure chart, flowchart, storyboard or class diagram
Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Short answer: Outline how a named tool helps design

Memorise: Software development steps and algorithm design

Integration Process Programming Fundamentals (Year 11)

Combining separately built modules or subsystems into one working system and checking they communicate correctly through their interfaces.

Example: Integration comes AFTER development and BEFORE system testing.

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Drag into order: Drag into order: know where it sits in the sequence.
Short answer: Explain why integration testing is needed

Related past questions: Familiarisation Q1 (1 mark): Development steps

Memorise: Software development steps and algorithm design

Testing and debugging Process Programming Fundamentals (Year 11)

Testing runs the software with chosen data to find errors; debugging finds the cause of each error and fixes it.

Example: Testing finds that something is wrong; debugging finds out why and fixes it.

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Drag into order: Drag into order: know where it sits in the sequence.
Short answer: Outline a test method or a debugging tool

Memorise: Software development steps and algorithm design

Installation Process Programming Fundamentals (Year 11)

Putting the finished system into use in the client's environment (direct, phased, parallel or pilot method) including setup and training.

Example: Installation comes after testing and before maintenance.

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Matching or table: Matching or table question: match it to its description, example or category.
Short answer: Compare two installation methods

Memorise: Software development steps and algorithm design

Maintenance Process Programming Fundamentals (Year 11)

Changes made after release to keep software working and useful: corrective (fix errors), adaptive (new environment) and perfective (improve or add features).

Example: 'A patch to fix a crash is corrective maintenance.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Matching or table: Match each type of maintenance to an example
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.

Memorise: Software development steps and algorithm design

Online code collaboration tools Process Programming Fundamentals (Year 11)

Web platforms where developers store, share, review and co-edit code with version control and issue tracking, for example GitHub, GitLab or Bitbucket.

Example: 'GitHub lets team members branch, merge and review each other's changes without overwriting work.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Short answer: Outline how one supports a team
Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.

Memorise: Software development steps and algorithm design

Computational thinking Term Programming Fundamentals (Year 11)

A problem-solving approach: decompose a problem, spot patterns, abstract away detail and design an algorithm.

Example: Use it to justify breaking a large task into subroutines.

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Short answer: Describe how it helps design a solution

Memorise: Software development steps and algorithm design

Check this one: The syllabus asks you to apply computational thinking and algorithmic design but does not list its four parts; the breakdown given here is the standard definition.

Algorithm Term Programming Fundamentals (Year 11)

A finite, ordered set of clear steps that solves a problem or completes a task, with defined inputs and outputs.

Example: An algorithm can be shown as pseudocode or a flowchart.

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Pseudocode: Pseudocode question: use it correctly in the exam pseudocode editor.
Drawing: flowchart
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.

Memorise: Software development steps and algorithm design

Divide and conquer Term Programming Fundamentals (Year 11)

Breaking a large problem into smaller sub-problems, solving each one and combining the results (for example binary search or splitting a program into subroutines).

Example: Use it to explain why a program is split into subroutines.

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks or dropdown: choose this term to complete a statement or table.
Short answer: Describe the technique

Memorise: Software development steps and algorithm design

Backtracking Term Programming Fundamentals (Year 11)

Trying one choice and, if it reaches a dead end, undoing it and trying the next, as in maze solving or Sudoku.

Example: 'A maze solver backtracks to the last junction when it hits a wall.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks or dropdown: choose this term to complete a statement or table.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.

Memorise: Software development steps and algorithm design

Top-down design Term Programming Fundamentals (Year 11)

Starting with the whole problem (the mainline) and refining it step by step into smaller subroutines.

Example: A structure chart shows top-down design.

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Drawing: structure chart

Related past questions: Familiarisation Q4 (2 marks): Structure charts

Memorise: Software development steps and algorithm design

Bottom-up design Term Programming Fundamentals (Year 11)

Building and testing small low-level modules first, then combining them into larger parts of the system.

Example: Contrast: top-down starts with the mainline; bottom-up starts with the lowest-level modules.

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Short answer: Compare top-down with bottom-up

Memorise: Software development steps and algorithm design

Abstraction Term Programming Fundamentals (Year 11)

Hiding unnecessary detail so you focus on what matters, such as calling a subroutine without knowing how it works.

Example: Also an OOP principle (see Object-oriented card).

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Drawing: class diagram

Memorise: Software development steps and algorithm design

Subroutine (module, subprogram, procedure) Term Programming Fundamentals (Year 11)

A named block of statements that performs one specific task and can be called many times; the terms subroutine, module, subprogram and procedure are used interchangeably in the course.

Example: 'One logical task per subroutine makes code reusable and easier to maintain.'

Where you would use it in the test

Pseudocode: Pseudocode question: use it correctly in the exam pseudocode editor.
Python: Python question: write or complete it in the online Python tool.
Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.

Memorise: Software development steps and algorithm design

Desk checking Term Programming Fundamentals (Year 11)

Manually stepping through an algorithm with sample data and recording variable values (a trace table) to check it works before coding.

Example: A trace table has a column for each variable and a row for each step.

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Short answer: Outline desk checking
Code reading: Trace pseudocode

Memorise: Software development steps and algorithm design

Peer checking Term Programming Fundamentals (Year 11)

Another person reviews the algorithm or code to find errors you may have missed.

Example: Contrast: desk checking is by the author; peer checking is by someone else.

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Short answer: Compare desk checking with peer checking

Memorise: Software development steps and algorithm design

Inputs, outputs and purpose of an algorithm Term Programming Fundamentals (Year 11)

When analysing an algorithm, identify the data it takes in (inputs), the results it produces (outputs), what it is designed to do (purpose) and how it connects to other subroutines.

Example: 'Inputs: array of marks. Output: the average. Purpose: calculate the class mean.'

Where you would use it in the test

Code reading: Code or algorithm reading: interpret a fragment and state its output or purpose.
Pseudocode: Pseudocode question: use it correctly in the exam pseudocode editor.
Short answer: State what the algorithm does

Related past questions: 2025 HSC Q17 (3 marks): Algorithm design

Memorise: Software development steps and algorithm design

Check this one: Not found word-for-word in the supplied syllabus, specifications, marking guidelines or notes; the definition is standard computing knowledge, so check it against your class notes.

IPO chart (Input, Process, Output) Term Programming Fundamentals (Year 11)

A table listing the inputs, the processes applied and the outputs of a system or subroutine; used when determining specifications.

Example: 'IPO: Input username and password, Process compare with stored hash, Output access granted or denied.'

Where you would use it in the test

Drawing: table
Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.

Memorise: Software development steps and algorithm design

Check this one: Not named in the 2022 syllabus text; taught in the school notes and used in past SDD papers.

Binary search Term Programming Fundamentals (Year 11)

A search on a SORTED list that checks the middle item and discards half the list each time (a divide and conquer method).

Example: 'Binary search needs sorted data; each step halves the search space.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Code reading: Code or algorithm reading: interpret a fragment and state its output or purpose.
Pseudocode: Pseudocode question: use it correctly in the exam pseudocode editor.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.

Memorise: Software development steps and algorithm design

Check this one: Not named in the syllabus; it appears in past SDD questions.

Binary (base 2) Term Programming Fundamentals (Year 11)

A number system using only the digits 0 and 1. Computers store all data in binary; each digit is one bit and 8 bits make a byte.

Example: 1011 in binary = 8 + 2 + 1 = 11 in decimal.

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Fill in the blanks: Convert between binary and decimal
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.

Memorise: Data structures

Hexadecimal (base 16) Term Programming Fundamentals (Year 11)

A base-16 system using 0 to 9 and A to F (A = 10 ... F = 15). One hex digit stands for exactly 4 bits, so it is a compact way to write binary.

Example: 2F in hex = 0010 1111 in binary = 47 in decimal.

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Fill in the blanks: Convert hex to binary or decimal
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.

Memorise: Data structures

Two's complement Term Programming Fundamentals (Year 11)

A way of storing signed (positive and negative) integers in binary: write the positive number, invert every bit, then add 1 to get the negative. The left-most bit is the sign bit (1 = negative).

Example: 8-bit: +5 = 00000101; invert = 11111010; add 1 = 11111011 = -5.

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Fill in the blanks: Find the 8-bit form of a negative number
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.

Memorise: Data structures

Character representation (ASCII, Unicode) Term Programming Fundamentals (Year 11)

Characters are stored as numeric codes. ASCII uses 7 or 8 bits for basic English characters; Unicode uses more bits so it can represent characters from all languages and symbols.

Example: Say Unicode supports many languages; ASCII is limited.

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks or dropdown: choose this term to complete a statement or table.
Short answer: Explain why Unicode is used

Memorise: Data structures

Quality criteria for evaluating code Term Programming Fundamentals (Year 11)

The syllabus tests solutions against four qualities: functionality, performance, readability of code and quality of documentation.

Example: Mention all four when asked how you would evaluate or test code.

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Short answer: Evaluate a solution
Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.

Memorise: Testing and code quality (Year 11)

Syntax error Term Programming Fundamentals (Year 11)

A mistake that breaks the language rules (missing colon, bracket or misspelt keyword), so the program will not run.

Example: 'print("hi" with no closing bracket.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks or dropdown: choose this term to complete a statement or table.
Python: Spot and fix the error
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.

Related past questions: 2025 HSC Q15b (3 marks): Testing and debugging

Memorise: Testing and code quality (Year 11)

Logic error Term Programming Fundamentals (Year 11)

The program runs but gives the wrong result because the algorithm is wrong, for example using > instead of >=. 2025 markers said students confused these with syntax errors.

Example: 'Average = total / 2 instead of total / count.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks or dropdown: choose this term to complete a statement or table.
Short answer: Outline how a debugging tool finds logic errors
Code reading: Code or algorithm reading: interpret a fragment and state its output or purpose.

Related past questions: 2025 HSC Q15b (3 marks): Testing and debugging

Memorise: Testing and code quality (Year 11)

Runtime error Term Programming Fundamentals (Year 11)

An error that appears while the program is running and stops it, such as dividing by zero or an index outside the array.

Example: 'Dividing by zero crashes at runtime.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks or dropdown: choose this term to complete a statement or table.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.

Memorise: Testing and code quality (Year 11)

Debugging tools Process Programming Fundamentals (Year 11)

Software features that help find and fix errors: breakpoints, single line stepping, watch windows, checking interfaces between functions and debugging output statements.

Example: 2025 Q15b: name two tools and say how each shows where a logic error occurs.

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Outline TWO software debugging tools (2025 Q15b, 3 marks)
Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks or dropdown: choose this term to complete a statement or table.

Memorise: Testing and code quality (Year 11)

Breakpoint Term Programming Fundamentals (Year 11)

A marker on a line of code where execution pauses so you can inspect variable values.

Example: 'A breakpoint halts the program so the programmer can check variables.'

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks or dropdown: choose this term to complete a statement or table.
Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.

Related past questions: 2025 HSC Q15b (3 marks): Testing and debugging

Memorise: Testing and code quality (Year 11)

Single line stepping Term Programming Fundamentals (Year 11)

Running a program one line at a time in the debugger to watch how it flows and how values change.

Example: Use with breakpoints to locate a logic error.

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks or dropdown: choose this term to complete a statement or table.
Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.

Related past questions: 2025 HSC Q15b (3 marks): Testing and debugging

Memorise: Testing and code quality (Year 11)

Watch window (variable watch) Term Programming Fundamentals (Year 11)

A debugger feature that shows the live value of chosen variables as the program runs.

Example: 'Watch total change each loop to see where the sum goes wrong.'

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks or dropdown: choose this term to complete a statement or table.

Memorise: Testing and code quality (Year 11)

Debugging output statements Term Programming Fundamentals (Year 11)

Print statements added to show that a section was reached or the value of a variable.

Example: 'print("total =", total)'

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Name one software debugging tool
Python: Python question: write or complete it in the online Python tool.
Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks or dropdown: choose this term to complete a statement or table.

Related past questions: 2025 HSC Q15b (3 marks): Testing and debugging

Memorise: Testing and code quality (Year 11)

Boundary values Term Programming Fundamentals (Year 11)

Test data at and either side of a limit of the valid range. For a valid range of 1 to 10: 0, 1, 10, 11.

Example: Valid range 18 to 65 means test 17, 18, 65, 66.

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Select test data
Matching or table: Complete a test data table (familiarisation Q5)
Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.

Memorise: Testing and code quality (Year 11)

Path coverage Term Programming Fundamentals (Year 11)

Choosing test data so every path through the code (each branch and loop) runs at least once.

Example: 'Include one value that makes the IF true and one that makes it false.'

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Matching or table: Matching or table question: match it to its description, example or category.
Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.

Related past questions: Familiarisation Q5 (3 marks): Testing (test data)

Memorise: Testing and code quality (Year 11)

Faulty and abnormal data Term Programming Fundamentals (Year 11)

Data that is the wrong type, empty, too large or small or has odd characters, used to check the program rejects it or handles it without crashing.

Example: 'Enter "abc" where a number is expected.'

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Matching or table: Matching or table question: match it to its description, example or category.
Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.

Related past questions: Familiarisation Q5 (3 marks): Testing (test data)

Memorise: Testing and code quality (Year 11)

Code optimisation Term Programming Fundamentals (Year 11)

Improving the speed or memory use of working code (better algorithm, fewer repeated calculations, built-in functions).

Example: See language-dependent and language-independent optimisation.

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.

Related past questions: 2025 HSC Q4 (1 mark): Optimisation

Memorise: Testing and code quality (Year 11)

Object-oriented programming (OOP) Term The Object-Oriented Paradigm (Year 11)

A paradigm that organises a program as objects, created from classes, that hold data (attributes) and behaviour (methods) and communicate by passing messages.

Example: Contrast: procedural = a list of subroutines acting on separate data; OOP = objects that own their data and methods.

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Matching or table: Match OOP features to descriptions
Short answer: Compare procedural programming with OOP

Memorise: Object-oriented concepts

Encapsulation Term The Object-Oriented Paradigm (Year 11)

Bundling an object's data and the methods that use it together in a class and restricting direct access to the data (private attributes, accessed through methods) so it stays valid and secure.

Example: 'Make balance private and change it only through deposit() so it cannot be set to a negative number directly.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Matching or table: Matching or table question: match it to its description, example or category.
Short answer: Explain how encapsulation protects data
Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks or dropdown: choose this term to complete a statement or table.

Memorise: Object-oriented concepts

Abstraction (in OOP) Term The Object-Oriented Paradigm (Year 11)

Hiding complex implementation detail and exposing only what is needed, so a user calls account.deposit() without knowing how it works.

Example: 'The class hides how interest is calculated; the user just calls addInterest().'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Matching or table: Matching or table question: match it to its description, example or category.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.

Memorise: Object-oriented concepts

Inheritance Term The Object-Oriented Paradigm (Year 11)

A subclass (child) automatically gets the attributes and methods of a superclass (parent) and can add or change its own, giving code reuse. It models an 'is-a' relationship.

Example: 'Student inherits name and age from Person; the arrow points from Student to Person.'

Where you would use it in the test

Drawing: inheritance arrow on a class diagram
Python: class Child(Parent)
Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.

Memorise: Object-oriented concepts

Generalisation Term The Object-Oriented Paradigm (Year 11)

Moving the features shared by several classes up into a common superclass (Student and Teacher generalised as Person). The 2025 marker note: refine attributes into separate inherited classes.

Example: 'Common attributes go in the superclass; unique ones stay in each subclass.'

Where you would use it in the test

Drawing: class diagram (2025 Q22 and sample Q24)
Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.

Memorise: Object-oriented concepts

Polymorphism Term The Object-Oriented Paradigm (Year 11)

Different classes provide their own version of the same method name, so one call behaves differently depending on the object.

Example: 'speak() prints Woof for Dog and Meow for Cat.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Python: override a method
Code reading: Code or algorithm reading: interpret a fragment and state its output or purpose.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.

Memorise: Object-oriented concepts

Message passing Term The Object-Oriented Paradigm (Year 11)

Objects communicate by calling each other's methods (sending a message with parameters and receiving a return value).

Example: 'order.addItem(item) sends the message addItem to the order object.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Short answer: Investigate how OOP languages handle message passing
Code reading: Code or algorithm reading: interpret a fragment and state its output or purpose.

Memorise: Object-oriented concepts

Procedural programming v OOP Term The Object-Oriented Paradigm (Year 11)

Procedural: a program is a sequence of subroutines working on shared data. OOP: data and the methods that act on it are grouped into objects, giving encapsulation, reuse through inheritance and easier maintenance.

Example: Compare pattern: 'Procedural uses functions on separate data whereas OOP keeps the data and methods together in objects.'

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Compare procedural programming with OOP
Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Matching or table: Matching or table question: match it to its description, example or category.

Memorise: Object-oriented concepts

Task definition Term The Object-Oriented Paradigm (Year 11)

The first design step: clearly stating the problem to be solved, its purpose, inputs and outputs, before planning the code.

Example: 'Task definition: the program must accept three marks and display the average.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks or dropdown: choose this term to complete a statement or table.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.

Memorise: Object-oriented concepts

Facade pattern Term The Object-Oriented Paradigm (Year 11)

A design pattern where a simple class provides one easy interface that hides a complex set of subsystem classes behind it.

Example: 'A OrderFacade class calls the Stock, Payment and Delivery classes for the user.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Short answer: Describe the facade pattern
Drawing: class diagram

Memorise: Object-oriented concepts

Agility Term The Object-Oriented Paradigm (Year 11)

The ability to respond quickly to changing requirements by working in short iterations with frequent feedback (the Agile approach).

Example: 'An agile team delivers a working feature each sprint.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks or dropdown: choose this term to complete a statement or table.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.

Related past questions: 2025 HSC Q2 (1 mark): Software development approaches

Memorise: Object-oriented concepts

Consistency (collaboration) Term The Object-Oriented Paradigm (Year 11)

Using the same naming, layout and coding standards across the team so everyone can read and change the code.

Example: 'Use snake_case for every variable.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Multi-select: Features that support collaborative development
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.

Related past questions: Sample exam Q4 (1 mark): Collaboration

Memorise: Object-oriented concepts

Code commenting Term The Object-Oriented Paradigm (Year 11)

Short explanations in the code that say what it does and why, so other developers and your future self can understand and maintain it.

Example: '# calculate GST for each item'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Multi-select: Multi-select: you tick every correct option, so know all its features or goals.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Python: Python question: write or complete it in the online Python tool.

Related past questions: Sample exam Q4 (1 mark): Collaboration

Memorise: Object-oriented concepts

Version control Term The Object-Oriented Paradigm (Year 11)

A system (such as Git) that records every change to the code with who and when, supports branches and merging and allows rollback, so teams can work together safely.

Example: 'Git history lets the team revert to the last working version.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Multi-select: Collaboration features (sample Q4)
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.

Related past questions: Sample exam Q4 (1 mark): Collaboration

Memorise: Object-oriented concepts

Feedback (code review) Term The Object-Oriented Paradigm (Year 11)

Colleagues or testers review code and comment so errors are found early and quality improves.

Example: 'A pull request review catches a logic error.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Multi-select: Multi-select: you tick every correct option, so know all its features or goals.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.

Related past questions: Sample exam Q4 (1 mark): Collaboration

Memorise: Object-oriented concepts

One logical task per subroutine Term The Object-Oriented Paradigm (Year 11)

Each subroutine does a single clear job, which makes it reusable, testable and easier to fix.

Example: 'calculateTotal() only calculates; displayTotal() only displays.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Pseudocode: Pseudocode question: use it correctly in the exam pseudocode editor.
Python: Python question: write or complete it in the online Python tool.

Memorise: Testing and code quality (Year 11)

Stub Term The Object-Oriented Paradigm (Year 11)

A simple placeholder subroutine, which usually returns a fixed value, standing in for code not yet written so the rest of the program can be tested.

Example: 'getRate() returns 0.1 until the real rate lookup is finished.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks or dropdown: choose this term to complete a statement or table.

Memorise: Testing and code quality (Year 11)

Ease of maintenance Term The Object-Oriented Paradigm (Year 11)

How simply code can be corrected or updated later; helped by comments, meaningful names, modular subroutines and version control.

Example: Use it to justify modular code in an evaluate or justify answer.

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.

Memorise: Testing and code quality (Year 11)

Regular backup Term The Object-Oriented Paradigm (Year 11)

Making frequent copies of code and data (ideally off-site or in the cloud) so work can be restored after loss or corruption.

Example: 'Push the code to a repository each day.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.

Memorise: Testing and code quality (Year 11)

Unit testing Term The Object-Oriented Paradigm (Year 11)

Testing one subroutine, method or class on its own to check it works as intended.

Example: 'Test calculateGST() with several inputs.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Matching or table: Matching or table question: match it to its description, example or category.
Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks or dropdown: choose this term to complete a statement or table.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.

Memorise: Testing and code quality (Year 11)

Subsystem testing Term The Object-Oriented Paradigm (Year 11)

Testing a group of modules that work together as a subsystem, checking their interfaces and data passing.

Example: Between unit and system testing.

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Matching or table: Matching or table question: match it to its description, example or category.
Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks or dropdown: choose this term to complete a statement or table.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.

Memorise: Testing and code quality (Year 11)

System testing Term The Object-Oriented Paradigm (Year 11)

Testing the complete, integrated system against the requirements.

Example: 'System test: the whole app runs end to end.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Matching or table: Matching or table question: match it to its description, example or category.
Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks or dropdown: choose this term to complete a statement or table.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.

Memorise: Testing and code quality (Year 11)

Black box testing Term The Object-Oriented Paradigm (Year 11)

Testing inputs against expected outputs with no knowledge of the internal code.

Example: 'The tester only sees what goes in and what comes out.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Matching or table: Matching or table question: match it to its description, example or category.
Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks or dropdown: choose this term to complete a statement or table.
Short answer: Compare black box and white box

Memorise: Testing and code quality (Year 11)

White box testing Term The Object-Oriented Paradigm (Year 11)

Testing with full knowledge of the internal code, designing tests to run every path, branch and loop.

Example: 'The developer checks every branch of the IF statement.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Matching or table: Matching or table question: match it to its description, example or category.
Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks or dropdown: choose this term to complete a statement or table.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.

Memorise: Testing and code quality (Year 11)

Quality assurance Term The Object-Oriented Paradigm (Year 11)

Planned processes that check the software meets quality criteria (functionality, performance, readability, documentation) during development, not just at the end.

Example: 'QA includes code review, testing and standards.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.

Memorise: Testing and code quality (Year 11)

Mechatronic system Term Programming Mechatronics (Year 11)

A system that combines mechanical engineering, electronics and software control, such as a robot arm, automatic door, drone, 3D printer or cruise control.

Example: 'A robotic arm in a car factory is a mechatronic system.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Short answer: Outline an application of mechatronics
Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.

Memorise: Mechatronics: hardware, sensors, actuators, control

Microcontroller Term Programming Mechatronics (Year 11)

A small computer on a single chip with a CPU, memory and input/output pins that runs the program controlling a device.

Example: 'The microcontroller reads the sensor and drives the motor.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks or dropdown: choose this term to complete a statement or table.
Short answer: Assess the relationship of microcontrollers and the CPU

Memorise: Mechatronics: hardware, sensors, actuators, control

CPU (central processing unit) Term Programming Mechatronics (Year 11)

The part that fetches, decodes and executes program instructions. In a microcontroller it is built into the chip.

Example: Link: the CPU executes the instructions; the microcontroller packages the CPU with memory and I/O.

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks or dropdown: choose this term to complete a statement or table.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.

Memorise: Mechatronics: hardware, sensors, actuators, control

Instruction set Term Programming Mechatronics (Year 11)

The list of machine instructions a CPU can carry out. It limits what code can do and how efficiently it runs.

Example: 'A smaller instruction set means simpler chips but more instructions per task.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Short answer: Outline the influence of the instruction set on code
Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks or dropdown: choose this term to complete a statement or table.

Memorise: Mechatronics: hardware, sensors, actuators, control

Opcode Term Programming Mechatronics (Year 11)

The part of a machine instruction that says which operation to perform; the rest of the instruction holds the operands.

Example: 'ADD R1, R2: ADD is the opcode.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks or dropdown: choose this term to complete a statement or table.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.

Memorise: Mechatronics: hardware, sensors, actuators, control

Address register Term Programming Mechatronics (Year 11)

A CPU register that holds the memory address of the data or instruction to be accessed.

Example: 'The address register points to where the sensor value is stored.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks or dropdown: choose this term to complete a statement or table.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.

Memorise: Mechatronics: hardware, sensors, actuators, control

Data register Term Programming Mechatronics (Year 11)

A CPU register that holds the data being processed (the operands and results).

Example: 'The data register holds the sensor reading while it is compared.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks or dropdown: choose this term to complete a statement or table.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.

Memorise: Mechatronics: hardware, sensors, actuators, control

Sensor Term Programming Mechatronics (Year 11)

An input device that detects something in the environment and sends the data to the controller, such as motion, light level, temperature or distance sensors.

Example: 'A light level sensor detects darkness so the lamp turns on.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Matching or table: Classify as sensor or actuator
Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks or dropdown: choose this term to complete a statement or table.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.

Memorise: Mechatronics: hardware, sensors, actuators, control

Actuator Term Programming Mechatronics (Year 11)

An output device that turns the controller's signal into movement or action, such as a motor, servo or hydraulic cylinder.

Example: 'The servo moves the arm.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Matching or table: Matching or table question: match it to its description, example or category.
Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks or dropdown: choose this term to complete a statement or table.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.

Memorise: Mechatronics: hardware, sensors, actuators, control

End effector (manipulator) Term Programming Mechatronics (Year 11)

The tool at the end of a robotic arm that interacts with the environment, such as a gripper, welder or suction cup.

Example: 'The robotic gripper picks up the part.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Matching or table: Matching or table question: match it to its description, example or category.
Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks or dropdown: choose this term to complete a statement or table.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.

Memorise: Mechatronics: hardware, sensors, actuators, control

Diagnostic data Term Programming Mechatronics (Year 11)

Data about the health and operation of a mechatronic system (temperatures, error codes, motor current) used to find faults.

Example: 'Logging motor current to detect a jam.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks or dropdown: choose this term to complete a statement or table.

Memorise: Mechatronics: hardware, sensors, actuators, control

Optimisation data Term Programming Mechatronics (Year 11)

Data collected so the system's performance can be improved or tuned (cycle times, energy use, error rates).

Example: 'Speed readings help tune the control algorithm.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks or dropdown: choose this term to complete a statement or table.

Memorise: Mechatronics: hardware, sensors, actuators, control

Degrees of freedom Term Programming Mechatronics (Year 11)

The number of independent directions or axes in which a part can move (a robot arm with 3 joints has 3).

Example: 'A 6-axis arm has six degrees of freedom.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks or dropdown: choose this term to complete a statement or table.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.

Memorise: Mechatronics: hardware, sensors, actuators, control

Motion constraints Term Programming Mechatronics (Year 11)

Limits on movement such as range, speed, obstacles or joint angles that the control code must respect.

Example: 'Stop the arm before it reaches the maximum joint angle.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.

Memorise: Mechatronics: hardware, sensors, actuators, control

Subsystem (combination of sensors, actuators and effectors) Term Programming Mechatronics (Year 11)

A group of sensors, actuators and end effectors that work together as one working part of the system (for example the gripper subsystem).

Example: 'The vision sensor and gripper form the pick-up subsystem.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.

Memorise: Mechatronics: hardware, sensors, actuators, control

Power, battery and material requirements Term Programming Mechatronics (Year 11)

Choosing power supplies and batteries that match each component's voltage and current, and materials suited to the load, weight and environment.

Example: 'A motor that draws 2 A needs a supply that can provide it.'

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.

Memorise: Mechatronics: hardware, sensors, actuators, control

Specialist requirements for people with disability Term Programming Mechatronics (Year 11)

Needs that shape design for assistive devices or prosthetics, such as comfort, safety, intuitive control, adjustability and reliability.

Example: 'A prosthetic hand needs an adjustable grip force.'

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.
Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.

Memorise: Mechatronics: hardware, sensors, actuators, control

Open-loop control Term Programming Mechatronics (Year 11)

A control system that sets its output without checking the result (a timer-based sprinkler). It is simple but cannot correct errors.

Example: 'Open: the motor runs for 5 seconds regardless of distance travelled.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Matching or table: Matching or table question: match it to its description, example or category.
Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks or dropdown: choose this term to complete a statement or table.
Short answer: Compare open and closed loop

Memorise: Mechatronics: hardware, sensors, actuators, control

Closed-loop control Term Programming Mechatronics (Year 11)

A control system where sensors feed the result back and the algorithm adjusts the output to reach a target (thermostat, cruise control).

Example: 'Closed: read the sensor, compare with the target, adjust the motor.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Matching or table: Matching or table question: match it to its description, example or category.
Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks or dropdown: choose this term to complete a statement or table.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Pseudocode: Control loop with feedback

Memorise: Mechatronics: hardware, sensors, actuators, control

Feedback Term Programming Mechatronics (Year 11)

Sensor information about the actual output that is returned to the controller to correct the output in a closed loop system.

Example: 'The thermostat feeds temperature back to the heater controller.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks or dropdown: choose this term to complete a statement or table.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.

Memorise: Mechatronics: hardware, sensors, actuators, control

Autonomous control Term Programming Mechatronics (Year 11)

A system that senses, decides and acts without human input, using sensor data and decision algorithms (self-driving car, robot vacuum).

Example: 'Obstacle sensed, so decide to turn, then act.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Short answer: Outline an algorithm used for autonomous control
Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.

Memorise: Mechatronics: hardware, sensors, actuators, control

Simulation and prototype Term Programming Mechatronics (Year 11)

A simulation tests the control code on a software model; a prototype is an early physical build. Both reduce cost and risk before the final system.

Example: 'Test the arm algorithm in simulation before building.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.

Memorise: Mechatronics: hardware, sensors, actuators, control

Unit tests for control algorithms Term Programming Mechatronics (Year 11)

Tests that check each component's control algorithm works and gives the same result every time (effectiveness and repeatability).

Example: 'Run the gripper test 10 times to prove repeatability.'

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.

Memorise: Mechatronics: hardware, sensors, actuators, control

User interface for a mechatronic system Term Programming Mechatronics (Year 11)

A screen, panel or app that lets a person control and monitor the system (start, stop, set a target, see status).

Example: 'A touchscreen with start and emergency stop buttons.'

Where you would use it in the test

Drawing: user interface
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.

Memorise: Mechatronics: hardware, sensors, actuators, control

Secure software Term Secure Software Architecture (Year 12)

Software designed and built to protect data and resist attack, with security considered at every development step; benefits are data protection and fewer cyber attacks and vulnerabilities.

Example: 'Secure software protects customer data and builds trust in the product.'

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Describe the benefits of developing secure software
Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.
Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.

Memorise: Fundamental software development steps for secure code

Data protection Term Secure Software Architecture (Year 12)

Keeping data safe from unauthorised access, change or loss using measures such as encryption, access control and backups.

Example: 'Encrypt stored card numbers to protect data.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.

Related past questions: 2025 HSC Q10 (1 mark): Regulatory compliance

Memorise: Fundamental software development steps for secure code

Cyber attack Term Secure Software Architecture (Year 12)

A deliberate attempt to steal, damage or disrupt data or systems (for example phishing, malware, SQL injection, denial of service).

Example: 'Validation reduces the risk of injection attacks.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.

Memorise: Fundamental software development steps for secure code

Vulnerability Term Secure Software Architecture (Year 12)

A weakness in software, hardware or process that an attacker could exploit.

Example: 'An unpatched library is a vulnerability.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks or dropdown: choose this term to complete a statement or table.

Memorise: Fundamental software development steps for secure code

Capabilities and experience of end users Term Secure Software Architecture (Year 12)

Users' skills and experience shape secure design: less experienced users need simple, guided and forgiving interfaces (clear prompts, default safe settings), while experts can use advanced options.

Example: 'Novice users need clear warnings before deleting data.'

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Describe how user experience influences secure design features
Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.

Memorise: Fundamental software development steps for secure code

Authentication Term Secure Software Architecture (Year 12)

Proving that a user, device or system is who it claims to be (passwords, multi-factor, certificates).

Example: 'Login with a password and a one-time code is authentication.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: 2025 Q6: 'Ensuring that parties exchanging information are who they claim to be'
Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks or dropdown: choose this term to complete a statement or table.
Matching or table: Matching or table question: match it to its description, example or category.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.

Memorise: Fundamental software design security concepts (six words)

Authorisation Term Secure Software Architecture (Year 12)

Deciding what an authenticated user is allowed to access or do (roles and permissions).

Example: 'A student can view marks but only a teacher can edit them.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Matching or table: Matching or table question: match it to its description, example or category.
Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks or dropdown: choose this term to complete a statement or table.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.

Memorise: Fundamental software design security concepts (six words)

Privacy Term Secure Software Architecture (Year 12)

The right of people to control how their personal information is collected, used and shared.

Example: 'Collect only the data needed.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.

Related past questions: 2025 HSC Q16c (3 marks): Privacy by design

Memorise: Fundamental software design security concepts (six words)

Regulatory compliance Term Secure Software Architecture (Year 12)

Meeting the laws, regulations and industry standards that apply to software and data (for example Privacy Act or GDPR). Goals include protecting sensitive data and meeting legal and industry standards.

Example: Correct 2025 Q10 ticks: protecting sensitive data; meeting legal and industry standards.

Where you would use it in the test

Multi-select: 2025 Q10: pick ALL the goals of regulatory compliance
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.

Related past questions: 2025 HSC Q10 (1 mark): Regulatory compliance

Memorise: Fundamental software design security concepts (six words)

Security by design Term Secure Software Architecture (Year 12)

Building security into the software from the start of development rather than adding it at the end.

Example: 'Security by design uses cryptography and sandboxing from the first design step.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Short answer: Explain the contribution of cryptography and sandboxing
Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.

Memorise: Cryptography and sandboxing in 'security by design'

Cryptography Term Secure Software Architecture (Year 12)

Converting readable data (plain text) into unreadable cipher text with an algorithm and key so only the holder of the right key can read it; also supports hashing and digital signatures.

Example: 'Encryption keeps the data confidential.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks or dropdown: choose this term to complete a statement or table.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.

Related past questions: Sample exam Q3 (1 mark): Encryption

Memorise: Cryptography and sandboxing in 'security by design'

Sandboxing Term Secure Software Architecture (Year 12)

Running code in an isolated, restricted environment so that if it is malicious or faulty it cannot affect the rest of the system.

Example: 'A browser tab runs in a sandbox so a bad page cannot read your files.'

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Discuss sandboxing (familiarisation Q6)
Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks or dropdown: choose this term to complete a statement or table.

Related past questions: Familiarisation Q6 (3 marks): Sandboxing

Memorise: Cryptography and sandboxing in 'security by design'

Privacy by design Term Secure Software Architecture (Year 12)

An approach that builds privacy into software from the start: proactive not reactive, embed privacy into the design, and respect user privacy.

Example: 2025 Q16c marker note: link it to the scenario, e.g. only collect live location while the app is in use, rather than listing general privacy techniques.

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Describe how the app could implement privacy by design (2025 Q16c)
Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks or dropdown: choose this term to complete a statement or table.

Related past questions: 2025 HSC Q16c (3 marks): Privacy by design

Memorise: Cryptography and sandboxing in 'security by design'

Proactive not reactive Term Secure Software Architecture (Year 12)

A privacy by design principle: anticipate and prevent privacy problems before they happen instead of fixing them after a breach.

Example: 'Run a privacy impact check during design.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks or dropdown: choose this term to complete a statement or table.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.

Related past questions: 2025 HSC Q16c (3 marks): Privacy by design

Memorise: Cryptography and sandboxing in 'security by design'

Embed privacy into design Term Secure Software Architecture (Year 12)

A privacy by design principle: privacy is part of the core system design (default settings, data minimisation, encryption), not an add-on.

Example: 'Privacy settings are on by default.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks or dropdown: choose this term to complete a statement or table.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.

Related past questions: 2025 HSC Q16c (3 marks): Privacy by design

Memorise: Cryptography and sandboxing in 'security by design'

Respect for user privacy Term Secure Software Architecture (Year 12)

A privacy by design principle: keep the user central with clear consent, easy control of their data and transparency.

Example: 'Ask for permission before using location.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks or dropdown: choose this term to complete a statement or table.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.

Related past questions: 2025 HSC Q16c (3 marks): Privacy by design

Memorise: Cryptography and sandboxing in 'security by design'

Determining vulnerabilities Term Secure Software Architecture (Year 12)

Finding weaknesses before attackers do, using code review, SAST, DAST, vulnerability assessment and penetration testing.

Example: 'Run a vulnerability assessment before release.'

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.

Memorise: Test and evaluate security and resilience

Hardening systems Term Secure Software Architecture (Year 12)

Reducing the attack surface by removing unused services and default accounts, applying patches and using strong configuration and least privilege.

Example: 'Disable unused ports.'

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks or dropdown: choose this term to complete a statement or table.

Memorise: Test and evaluate security and resilience

Handling breaches Term Secure Software Architecture (Year 12)

Responding to a security incident: detect, contain, investigate, notify those affected, fix the cause and review.

Example: 'Notify users and reset passwords after a breach.'

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.
Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.

Memorise: Test and evaluate security and resilience

Business continuity Term Secure Software Architecture (Year 12)

Plans that keep critical operations running during and after a disruption (backup systems, alternative procedures).

Example: 'Switch to a backup server so orders continue.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks or dropdown: choose this term to complete a statement or table.

Memorise: Test and evaluate security and resilience

Disaster recovery Term Secure Software Architecture (Year 12)

Plans to restore IT systems and data after a major incident, guided by how quickly and how fully they must be recovered.

Example: 'Restore from the off-site backup.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks or dropdown: choose this term to complete a statement or table.

Memorise: Test and evaluate security and resilience

Code review Term Secure Software Architecture (Year 12)

Other developers read the source code to find errors, security flaws and poor practice before release.

Example: 'Peer review spots missing input validation.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Matching or table: Matching or table question: match it to its description, example or category.

Related past questions: Sample exam Q4 (1 mark): Collaboration

Memorise: Test and evaluate security and resilience

Static application security testing (SAST) Term Secure Software Architecture (Year 12)

Analysing the source code without running it to find security flaws early in development; a white box method.

Example: SAST = code NOT running, source visible, early. DAST = program running, from outside, finds runtime flaws.

Where you would use it in the test

Matching or table: Classify features as SAST or DAST (2025 Q13 and sample Q8)
Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks or dropdown: choose this term to complete a statement or table.
Short answer: Distinguish SAST from DAST

Memorise: Test and evaluate security and resilience

Dynamic application security testing (DAST) Term Secure Software Architecture (Year 12)

Testing the running application from the outside by sending it unexpected input to find vulnerabilities, without needing the source code; a black box method.

Example: DAST: tests while running; finds issues like XSS or broken authentication.

Where you would use it in the test

Matching or table: 2025 Q13 table and sample Q8
Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks or dropdown: choose this term to complete a statement or table.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.

Memorise: Test and evaluate security and resilience

Vulnerability assessment Term Secure Software Architecture (Year 12)

A systematic scan and review that identifies, ranks and reports known weaknesses in a system.

Example: 'A scanner lists out-of-date components.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Matching or table: Matching or table question: match it to its description, example or category.

Memorise: Test and evaluate security and resilience

Penetration testing Term Secure Software Architecture (Year 12)

Authorised, simulated attacks on a system by testers to see whether weaknesses can really be exploited.

Example: 'An ethical hacker tries to break into the login.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Matching or table: Matching or table question: match it to its description, example or category.

Memorise: Test and evaluate security and resilience

Defensive data input handling Term Secure Software Architecture (Year 12)

Writing code that assumes input may be wrong or hostile and handles it safely using input validation, sanitisation and error handling.

Example: 'Reject non-numeric age, then ask again.'

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Explain defensive data input handling (sample Q18a)
Python: Write an input validation function
Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.

Memorise: Defensive data input handling: validation, sanitisation, error handling

Input validation Term Secure Software Architecture (Year 12)

Checking that input meets rules (type, range, length, format, presence) before it is used.

Example: 'if not age.isdigit(): reject'

Where you would use it in the test

Python: Python validation function
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks or dropdown: choose this term to complete a statement or table.

Memorise: Defensive data input handling: validation, sanitisation, error handling

Sanitisation Term Secure Software Architecture (Year 12)

Cleaning input by removing or escaping dangerous characters so it cannot be run as code (for example HTML or SQL).

Example: 'Escape < and > so a script tag is displayed as text, not run.'

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks or dropdown: choose this term to complete a statement or table.

Memorise: Defensive data input handling: validation, sanitisation, error handling

Error handling Term Secure Software Architecture (Year 12)

Detecting and managing problems (try and except in Python) so the program fails safely, shows a generic message and does not leak internal details.

Example: 'try: int(x) except ValueError: print("Enter a number")'

Where you would use it in the test

Python: try / except
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.

Memorise: Defensive data input handling: validation, sanitisation, error handling

Application programming interface (API) Term Secure Software Architecture (Year 12)

A set of rules that lets one program request services or data from another, often over HTTP using JSON. A safe API validates input, authenticates callers, limits data returned and uses HTTPS.

Example: 'Return only the fields the client needs.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.

Related past questions: 2025 HSC Q5 (1 mark): API vulnerabilities

Memorise: Defensive data input handling: validation, sanitisation, error handling

Excessive data exposure Term Secure Software Architecture (Year 12)

An API weakness where more data than intended is returned (the whole database row instead of the needed fields).

Example: 'Send name only, not the password hash.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: 2025 Q5 answer: Exposure of more data than intended
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.

Related past questions: 2025 HSC Q5 (1 mark): API vulnerabilities

Memorise: Defensive data input handling: validation, sanitisation, error handling

Memory management Term Secure Software Architecture (Year 12)

Allocating and freeing memory efficiently so programs do not leak memory, crash or become slow.

Example: 'Release resources when finished.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks or dropdown: choose this term to complete a statement or table.

Memorise: Defensive data input handling: validation, sanitisation, error handling

Session management Term Secure Software Architecture (Year 12)

Creating, tracking and ending a user's session securely (session ID or token, timeouts, logout), which supports both security and a smooth user experience.

Example: 2025 Q20 marker note: relate session management to code efficiency and to user experience; describe, don't just identify.

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Describe session management and efficiency (2025 Q20)
Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.

Related past questions: 2025 HSC Q20 (3 marks): Session management

Memorise: Defensive data input handling: validation, sanitisation, error handling

Exception management Term Secure Software Architecture (Year 12)

Handling runtime exceptions (try and except) so a failure is caught, logged and recovered from instead of crashing the program.

Example: 'Catch FileNotFoundError and show a message.'

Where you would use it in the test

Python: Python question: write or complete it in the online Python tool.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.

Memorise: Defensive data input handling: validation, sanitisation, error handling

Broken authentication and session management Term Secure Software Architecture (Year 12)

Weaknesses in login or session handling (weak passwords, guessable or reused session IDs, no timeout) that let attackers act as another user.

Example: 'Use long random session IDs and timeouts.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks or dropdown: choose this term to complete a statement or table.

Related past questions: 2025 HSC Q8 (1 mark): User action controls

Memorise: User action controls: broken authentication, XSS, CSRF, forwarding, race conditions

Cross-site scripting (XSS) Term Secure Software Architecture (Year 12)

An attack that injects malicious script into a web page that other users then run in their browser. Prevent it by sanitising and escaping output.

Example: 'Escape user comments so scripts cannot run.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Familiarisation Q11a
Short answer: Explain how XSS works and how to prevent it (Q11b)
Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks or dropdown: choose this term to complete a statement or table.

Memorise: User action controls: broken authentication, XSS, CSRF, forwarding, race conditions

Cross-site request forgery (CSRF) Term Secure Software Architecture (Year 12)

An attack that tricks a logged-in user's browser into sending an unwanted request to a site that trusts them. Prevent it with anti-CSRF tokens.

Example: 'A hidden form submits a bank transfer.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks or dropdown: choose this term to complete a statement or table.

Related past questions: 2025 HSC Q8 (1 mark): User action controls

Memorise: User action controls: broken authentication, XSS, CSRF, forwarding, race conditions

Invalid forwarding and redirecting Term Secure Software Architecture (Year 12)

An attack that sends users to an untrusted site because the destination in a redirect or forward is taken from unvalidated input. Prevent it by validating or whitelisting destinations.

Example: 'Only redirect to pages on your own site.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks or dropdown: choose this term to complete a statement or table.

Related past questions: 2025 HSC Q8 (1 mark): User action controls

Memorise: User action controls: broken authentication, XSS, CSRF, forwarding, race conditions

Race condition Term Secure Software Architecture (Year 12)

A fault where the outcome depends on the timing of two or more processes using the same data, so results are unpredictable (for example two users buying the last ticket).

Example: 'Two withdrawals read the same balance at once.' Prevent with locking.

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: 2025 Q8 answer: Race conditions
Short answer: Give an example and outline (sample Q22b)

Memorise: User action controls: broken authentication, XSS, CSRF, forwarding, race conditions

File attacks Term Secure Software Architecture (Year 12)

Attacks that abuse file handling, such as malicious uploads, path traversal (../) or tampering with stored files. Protect by validating file type and size, storing outside the web root and using permissions.

Example: 'Reject uploaded .exe files.'

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.

Memorise: User action controls: broken authentication, XSS, CSRF, forwarding, race conditions

Side channel attack Term Secure Software Architecture (Year 12)

An attack that learns secrets from indirect information such as timing, power use or electromagnetic emissions rather than breaking the algorithm. Protect with constant-time code, noise and physical shielding.

Example: 'Measuring response time to guess a password character.'

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks or dropdown: choose this term to complete a statement or table.

Memorise: User action controls: broken authentication, XSS, CSRF, forwarding, race conditions

Benefits of collaboration (secure development) Term Secure Software Architecture (Year 12)

Considering various points of view, delegating tasks by expertise and improving the quality of the solution.

Example: 'A security specialist reviews the login code.'

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.
Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.

Memorise: Describe the benefits of developing secure software

Benefits to an enterprise of secure development Term Secure Software Architecture (Year 12)

Improved products or services, influence on future software development, improved work practices, productivity and business interactivity.

Example: 'Secure practices reduce rework, so productivity rises.'

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.

Memorise: Describe the benefits of developing secure software

Employment (impact) Term Secure Software Architecture (Year 12)

How software changes jobs: roles removed or created and new skills needed.

Example: 'Automation removes data entry jobs but creates support roles.'

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.

Memorise: Describe the benefits of developing secure software

Copyright Term Secure Software Architecture (Year 12)

The legal right that protects the creator's original work, including code, from being copied or used without permission.

Example: 'Copying code from a licensed library without credit may breach copyright.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.

Memorise: Describe the benefits of developing secure software

Intellectual property Term Secure Software Architecture (Year 12)

Creations of the mind (code, designs, brands) that are legally owned and protected by the creator.

Example: 'Protect the app's source code as IP.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.

Memorise: Describe the benefits of developing secure software

Digital disruption Term Secure Software Architecture (Year 12)

Change caused when new technology transforms how an industry or society works, often overturning existing businesses.

Example: 'Ride-sharing apps disrupted taxis.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.

Memorise: Describe the benefits of developing secure software

Programmed backup Term Secure Software Architecture (Year 12)

Automatic scheduled copies of data (ideally off-site or in the cloud) supporting integrity and availability and reducing human error.

Example: 'A nightly automatic backup to the cloud.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks or dropdown: choose this term to complete a statement or table.

Memorise: Describe the benefits of developing secure software

Software development steps for secure code (order) Process Secure Software Architecture (Year 12)

Requirements definition, determining specifications, design, development, integration, testing and debugging, installation and maintenance, with security considered at each step.

Example: 'Security is considered in requirements, then design, then testing.'

Where you would use it in the test

Drag into order: Drag into order (familiarisation Q1)
Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.

Memorise: Describe the benefits of developing secure software

SQL injection Term Secure Software Architecture (Year 12)

An attack where malicious SQL is inserted through input so it runs on the database; stopped by parameterised queries and validation.

Example: "' OR 1=1 --" typed into a login box.

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Code reading: Code or algorithm reading: interpret a fragment and state its output or purpose.

Memorise: Describe the benefits of developing secure software

Check this one: The course specification names XSS and defensive input handling; SQL injection is the standard example the school notes use.

Interactive website Term Programming for the Web (Year 12)

A website that responds to user actions and updates content, using client-side scripting and server-side processing (forms, live content, accounts).

Example: 'An interactive site needs a constant internet connection to update.'

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Compare a PWA with an interactive website (2025 Q16a)
Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks or dropdown: choose this term to complete a statement or table.

Related past questions: 2025 HSC Q16a (3 marks): Progressive web apps

Memorise: Applications of web programming: interactive websites, e-commerce, PWAs

E-commerce Term Programming for the Web (Year 12)

Buying and selling goods or services online, which needs secure payment, accounts, a product database and a shopping cart.

Example: 'Use HTTPS and a payment gateway for e-commerce.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.

Memorise: Applications of web programming: interactive websites, e-commerce, PWAs

Progressive web app (PWA) Term Programming for the Web (Year 12)

A web application that works like a native app: installable, works offline and loads quickly using a service worker and cache, can send push notifications and runs on any device with a browser.

Example: 2025 Q16a marker note: give features specific to a PWA (offline use, pre-caching, notifications) and link to the scenario.

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Compare PWA with an interactive website (2025 Q16a)
Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks or dropdown: choose this term to complete a statement or table.

Related past questions: 2025 HSC Q16a (3 marks): Progressive web apps

Memorise: Applications of web programming: interactive websites, e-commerce, PWAs

Data packet Term Programming for the Web (Year 12)

A small chunk of data with a header (source and destination IP address, order number) sent across a network; packets are reassembled at the destination.

Example: 'A file is split into packets that can take different routes.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks or dropdown: choose this term to complete a statement or table.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.

Memorise: Applications of web programming: interactive websites, e-commerce, PWAs

IP address and IPv4 Term Programming for the Web (Year 12)

A number that identifies a device on a network. IPv4 uses 32 bits written as four decimal numbers (for example 192.168.1.1).

Example: 'IPv4 has four numbers from 0 to 255.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks or dropdown: choose this term to complete a statement or table.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.

Memorise: Applications of web programming: interactive websites, e-commerce, PWAs

HTTP Term Programming for the Web (Year 12)

HyperText Transfer Protocol: the request and response protocol between browser and web server. Port 80. Not encrypted.

Example: 'http = port 80.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Matching or table: Matching or table question: match it to its description, example or category.
Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks or dropdown: choose this term to complete a statement or table.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.

Memorise: Web protocols and their ports

HTTPS Term Programming for the Web (Year 12)

HTTP carried over SSL/TLS so data is encrypted and the server is authenticated. Port 443.

Example: 'https = port 443.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Matching or table: Matching or table question: match it to its description, example or category.
Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks or dropdown: choose this term to complete a statement or table.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.

Memorise: Web protocols and their ports

TCP/IP Term Programming for the Web (Year 12)

The core internet protocol suite. IP addresses and routes the packets; TCP makes delivery reliable by setting up a connection, ordering packets and re-sending lost ones.

Example: 'TCP checks delivery; IP finds the destination.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks or dropdown: choose this term to complete a statement or table.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.

Related past questions: Sample exam Q13 (3 marks): Protocols

Memorise: Web protocols and their ports

SFTP Term Programming for the Web (Year 12)

SSH File Transfer Protocol: an encrypted way to transfer files, normally port 22.

Example: 'SFTP is the secure alternative to FTP.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Matching or table: Matching or table question: match it to its description, example or category.
Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks or dropdown: choose this term to complete a statement or table.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.

Memorise: Web protocols and their ports

Check this one: The school notes list SFTP as port 443, but the standard port is 22 (it runs over SSH). Learn the protocol is the secure FTP; give 22 if a port is asked and check with your teacher.

SSL and TLS Term Programming for the Web (Year 12)

Secure Sockets Layer and Transport Layer Security encrypt data in transit and authenticate the server; TLS is the modern replacement for SSL. They secure other protocols (HTTP becomes HTTPS).

Example: 'TLS encrypts the connection.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks or dropdown: choose this term to complete a statement or table.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Matching or table: Matching or table question: match it to its description, example or category.

Related past questions: 2025 HSC Q6 (1 mark): Web protocols

Memorise: Web protocols and their ports

SSL certificate Term Programming for the Web (Year 12)

A digital certificate issued by a trusted certificate authority that proves a website's identity and contains its public key, enabling HTTPS.

Example: 'The padlock shows a valid SSL certificate.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks or dropdown: choose this term to complete a statement or table.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.

Memorise: Processes for securing the web

Encryption algorithm Term Programming for the Web (Year 12)

The mathematical method used to scramble plain text into cipher text (for example AES or RSA).

Example: 'AES is a symmetric encryption algorithm.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks or dropdown: choose this term to complete a statement or table.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.

Related past questions: Sample exam Q3 (1 mark): Encryption

Memorise: Processes for securing the web

Encryption key Term Programming for the Web (Year 12)

The secret value used with the algorithm to encrypt and decrypt; longer keys are harder to break.

Example: 'Without the key the cipher text cannot be read.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks or dropdown: choose this term to complete a statement or table.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.

Related past questions: Sample exam Q3 (1 mark): Encryption

Memorise: Processes for securing the web

Symmetric encryption Term Programming for the Web (Year 12)

One shared secret key encrypts and decrypts; fast, but the key must be shared safely.

Example: 'Fast for large data.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Matching or table: Matching or table question: match it to its description, example or category.
Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks or dropdown: choose this term to complete a statement or table.
Short answer: Compare with asymmetric

Related past questions: Sample exam Q3 (1 mark): Encryption

Memorise: Processes for securing the web

Asymmetric encryption Term Programming for the Web (Year 12)

A public key encrypts and a different private key decrypts; solves key sharing but is slower.

Example: 'HTTPS uses asymmetric encryption to share a session key.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Matching or table: Matching or table question: match it to its description, example or category.
Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks or dropdown: choose this term to complete a statement or table.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.

Related past questions: Sample exam Q3 (1 mark): Encryption

Memorise: Processes for securing the web

Hash value Term Programming for the Web (Year 12)

A fixed-length output of a one-way function; the same input always gives the same hash and it cannot be reversed. Used to check integrity and store passwords (with a salt).

Example: 'If the file changes, the hash changes.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks or dropdown: choose this term to complete a statement or table.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.

Memorise: Processes for securing the web

Digital signature Term Programming for the Web (Year 12)

A hash of a message encrypted with the sender's private key; the receiver checks it with the public key to confirm who sent it and that it was not changed.

Example: 'A signed update proves it came from the vendor.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks or dropdown: choose this term to complete a statement or table.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.

Memorise: Processes for securing the web

Big data Term Programming for the Web (Year 12)

Very large, fast-changing and varied sets of data that need special storage and processing, such as streaming or social media data.

Example: 'Streaming services handle huge volumes of viewing data.'

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.
Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.

Related past questions: 2025 HSC Q18 (3 marks): Big data and web architecture

Memorise: Effect of big data on web architecture: data mining, metadata, streaming

Data mining Term Programming for the Web (Year 12)

Analysing large data sets to find patterns, trends and relationships (for example recommending shows).

Example: 'Mine viewing history to predict demand.'

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Explain how metadata and data mining relate (2025 Q18)
Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks or dropdown: choose this term to complete a statement or table.

Related past questions: 2025 HSC Q18 (3 marks): Big data and web architecture

Memorise: Effect of big data on web architecture: data mining, metadata, streaming

Metadata Term Programming for the Web (Year 12)

Data about data, such as file size, format, bitrate, date, device or location; it describes and organises other data.

Example: 2025 Q18 marker note: link metadata and data mining together and aim at preventing technical issues.

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Explain metadata and data mining for a streaming service (2025 Q18)
Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks or dropdown: choose this term to complete a statement or table.

Related past questions: 2025 HSC Q18 (3 marks): Big data and web architecture

Memorise: Effect of big data on web architecture: data mining, metadata, streaming

Streaming service management Term Programming for the Web (Year 12)

Managing the delivery of live or on-demand media: buffering, adapting quality to bandwidth, servers and caching near users, and monitoring performance.

Example: 'Lower the video quality when bandwidth drops.'

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.
Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.

Related past questions: 2025 HSC Q18 (3 marks): Big data and web architecture

Memorise: Effect of big data on web architecture: data mining, metadata, streaming

World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) Term Programming for the Web (Year 12)

The international organisation that develops open web standards (HTML, CSS, accessibility, internationalisation, security, privacy and machine-readable data).

Example: 'W3C standards keep sites working across browsers.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks or dropdown: choose this term to complete a statement or table.

Memorise: Web development system: front end, back end, databases

Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI) Term Programming for the Web (Year 12)

The W3C group that creates guidelines (WCAG) so people with disability can use the web, for example alt text, contrast and keyboard navigation.

Example: 'Add alt text to images.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks or dropdown: choose this term to complete a statement or table.

Memorise: Web development system: front end, back end, databases

Client-side (front-end) programming Term Programming for the Web (Year 12)

Code that runs in the user's browser (HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and controls what the user sees and how they interact.

Example: 'JavaScript validates a form in the browser.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks or dropdown: choose this term to complete a statement or table.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.

Memorise: Web development system: front end, back end, databases

Server-side (back-end) programming Term Programming for the Web (Year 12)

Code that runs on the server (Python, PHP, Node) to process requests, access databases, apply business rules and keep data secure.

Example: 2025 Q23b marker note: identify features of server-side programming, use the stimulus, and link back end to front end.

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Explain why server-side programming is needed (2025 Q23b)
Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks or dropdown: choose this term to complete a statement or table.

Related past questions: 2025 HSC Q23b (3 marks): Server-side web programming

Memorise: Web development system: front end, back end, databases

SQL and non-SQL databases Term Programming for the Web (Year 12)

SQL databases store data in related tables queried with Structured Query Language; non-SQL (NoSQL) databases store data as documents, key-value pairs or graphs.

Example: 'Use NoSQL for flexible, unstructured data.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks or dropdown: choose this term to complete a statement or table.

Related past questions: 2025 HSC Q9 (1 mark): ORM and SQL

Memorise: Web development system: front end, back end, databases

Web browser and developer (dev) tools Term Programming for the Web (Year 12)

A browser renders HTML, CSS and JavaScript. Dev tools let developers inspect elements, view the console, network requests and performance, and debug.

Example: 'Use the network tab to find slow requests.'

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks or dropdown: choose this term to complete a statement or table.

Related past questions: Familiarisation Q10 (4 marks): Load time

Memorise: Web development system: front end, back end, databases

Cascading style sheets (CSS) Term Programming for the Web (Year 12)

Style rules that control the appearance of web pages, kept separate from HTML. Benefits: consistent appearance, flexibility across browsers and display devices, and easier maintenance.

Example: 'One CSS file changes the font on every page.'

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Outline benefits of CSS (sample Q16b)
Code reading: Read CSS and pick the result (2025 Q7, sample Q16a)
Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.

Memorise: Web development system: front end, back end, databases

CSS maintenance tools Term Programming for the Web (Year 12)

Tools that help organise and update CSS, such as preprocessors, linters and frameworks, so styles stay consistent and easy to change.

Example: 'Use variables for brand colours.'

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.

Memorise: Web development system: front end, back end, databases

Code libraries and frameworks (front end) Term Programming for the Web (Year 12)

Reusable code: frameworks control complex web applications (React, Angular, Vue), template engines generate HTML from data, and predesigned CSS classes (Bootstrap) speed up styling.

Example: 'A framework saves writing page structure from scratch.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Sample Q6 front-end frameworks
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks or dropdown: choose this term to complete a statement or table.

Related past questions: Sample exam Q6 (1 mark): Front-end frameworks

Memorise: Web development system: front end, back end, databases

Open-source software Term Programming for the Web (Year 12)

Software whose source code is freely available to use, modify and share under a licence, supporting reuse and community improvement.

Example: 'Use an open-source framework to save time.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.

Memorise: Web development system: front end, back end, databases

Version control (web) Term Programming for the Web (Year 12)

Recording changes to files so you can see history, work in branches, merge and roll back; essential when several developers build a web app.

Example: 'Git branches let front-end and back-end work separately.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.

Related past questions: Sample exam Q4 (1 mark): Collaboration

Memorise: Web development system: front end, back end, databases

Load times Term Programming for the Web (Year 12)

How long a page takes to appear. Slow pages lose users. Ways to minimise: minification, image optimisation, lazy loading, caching, a content delivery network (CDN), async or deferred scripts.

Example: 2025 Q16b marker note: give ways to MINIMISE load times, not ways to investigate them.

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Outline TWO ways to minimise load time (2025 Q16b, fam Q10)
Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.

Memorise: Web development system: front end, back end, databases

Minification Term Programming for the Web (Year 12)

Removing unnecessary characters (spaces, comments) from HTML, CSS and JavaScript to shrink the files.

Example: 'Minify the CSS to cut load time.'

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks or dropdown: choose this term to complete a statement or table.

Related past questions: 2025 HSC Q16b (3 marks): Load times

Memorise: Web development system: front end, back end, databases

Lazy loading Term Programming for the Web (Year 12)

Loading images or media only when they are about to be seen, so the first page loads faster.

Example: 'Only load images as the user scrolls.'

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks or dropdown: choose this term to complete a statement or table.

Memorise: Web development system: front end, back end, databases

Caching Term Programming for the Web (Year 12)

Storing copies of data or files locally or on a server so they do not have to be fetched again.

Example: 'Cache commonly requested weather data.'

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks or dropdown: choose this term to complete a statement or table.

Memorise: Web development system: front end, back end, databases

Content delivery network (CDN) Term Programming for the Web (Year 12)

A network of servers around the world that stores copies of files so users download from a nearby server.

Example: 'A CDN reduces latency.'

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks or dropdown: choose this term to complete a statement or table.

Related past questions: Familiarisation Q10 (4 marks): Load time

Memorise: Web development system: front end, back end, databases

Web content management system (CMS) Term Programming for the Web (Year 12)

Software that lets people create and manage website content without coding (WordPress, Drupal). Its prevalence is high because it saves time, but it needs updates and security care.

Example: 'A CMS lets staff edit pages without a developer.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.

Memorise: Web development system: front end, back end, databases

Contribution of back-end development Term Programming for the Web (Year 12)

The back end drives a web app's success through data storage, business logic, security, performance and reliability.

Example: 'The back end validates payments securely.'

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Assess the contribution of back-end web development
Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.

Related past questions: 2025 HSC Q23b (3 marks): Server-side web programming

Memorise: Web development system: front end, back end, databases

Back-end process for a web request Process Programming for the Web (Year 12)

Browser sends a request; web server software receives it; the web framework routes it to code; libraries and objects process it; the database is queried; a response (HTML or JSON) is returned.

Example: 'Request, web server, framework, database, response.'

Where you would use it in the test

Drag into order: Order the steps of a web request
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.

Related past questions: 2025 HSC Q23b (3 marks): Server-side web programming

Memorise: Web development system: front end, back end, databases

Web server software Term Programming for the Web (Year 12)

Software that listens for HTTP or HTTPS requests, serves files or passes requests to the application and returns responses with status codes (Apache, Nginx).

Example: '404 means not found.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks or dropdown: choose this term to complete a statement or table.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.

Memorise: Web development system: front end, back end, databases

Web framework Term Programming for the Web (Year 12)

A toolkit that supplies structure for routing URLs to functions, handling requests, templates and database access (Flask, Django).

Example: 'Flask routes /login to a function.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks or dropdown: choose this term to complete a statement or table.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.

Memorise: Web development system: front end, back end, databases

Collaboration of front-end and back-end developers Term Programming for the Web (Year 12)

Sharing agreed interfaces (APIs), version control and regular communication so the two parts fit together and the solution is built faster with fewer errors.

Example: 'Agree the JSON format first.'

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.

Related past questions: 2025 HSC Q23b (3 marks): Server-side web programming

Memorise: Web development system: front end, back end, databases

SQL constraints Code pattern Programming for the Web (Year 12)

Rules on the data: PRIMARY KEY (unique identifier), FOREIGN KEY (links tables), NOT NULL and UNIQUE; in queries, constraints on results are set with WHERE.

Example: 'Primary key uniquely identifies each row.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks or dropdown: choose this term to complete a statement or table.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.

Related past questions: 2025 HSC Q15a (3 marks): Data dictionary

Memorise: SQL vs ORM

Object-relational mapping (ORM) Code pattern Programming for the Web (Year 12)

A technique that lets you read and write database tables as objects in your programming language instead of writing SQL. Code is focused on object manipulation.

Example: 2025 Q9 answer: object manipulation = ORM; tables can be joined = ORM and SQL; programmers can choose the language used to access the database = ORM.

Where you would use it in the test

Matching or table: 2025 Q9: match each characteristic to ORM, SQL or both
Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Short answer: Compare ORM with SQL

Related past questions: 2025 HSC Q9 (1 mark): ORM and SQL

Memorise: SQL vs ORM

Service worker Code pattern Programming for the Web (Year 12)

A background script in a PWA that caches files and intercepts network requests so the app works offline.

Example: 'Cache the app shell so it loads without internet.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.

Related past questions: 2025 HSC Q16a (3 marks): Progressive web apps

Memorise: SQL vs ORM

Web app manifest Code pattern Programming for the Web (Year 12)

A JSON file giving a PWA its name, icons and display mode so it can be installed on a device.

Example: '"name": "Study", "display": "standalone"'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.

Related past questions: 2025 HSC Q16a (3 marks): Progressive web apps

Memorise: SQL vs ORM

Machine learning (ML) Term Software Automation (Year 12)

A branch of AI where a program learns patterns from data to make predictions or decisions without being explicitly programmed with fixed rules.

Example: 'A spam filter learns from labelled emails.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.
Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks or dropdown: choose this term to complete a statement or table.

Memorise: AI v ML; ML supporting automation (DevOps, RPA, BPA)

Artificial intelligence (AI) Term Software Automation (Year 12)

The broad field of making computers perform tasks that normally need human intelligence (reasoning, understanding language, recognising images). ML is one way of achieving AI.

Example: 'All ML is AI but not all AI is ML.'

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Distinguish AI from ML or neural networks (2025 Q25)
Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.

Memorise: AI v ML; ML supporting automation (DevOps, RPA, BPA)

Distinguishing AI and ML Term Software Automation (Year 12)

AI is the goal of intelligent behaviour; ML is the method of learning from data. A neural network is one ML model.

Example: 2025 Q25 marker note: state a clear difference between neural networks and AI rather than describing each separately.

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Distinguish
Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.

Memorise: AI v ML; ML supporting automation (DevOps, RPA, BPA)

DevOps Term Software Automation (Year 12)

A way of working that joins development (Dev) and operations (Ops) with automation, continuous integration and delivery, monitoring and collaboration so software is released faster and more reliably.

Example: 'Automate testing and deployment in a pipeline.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multi-select: 2025 Q11: identify ALL the key principles of DevOps
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.

Memorise: AI v ML; ML supporting automation (DevOps, RPA, BPA)

Robotic process automation (RPA) Term Software Automation (Year 12)

Software 'bots' that copy the actions a person does on a computer (clicking, typing, copying data) to automate repetitive, rule-based tasks.

Example: 'A bot copies invoice data into the accounting system.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.

Memorise: AI v ML; ML supporting automation (DevOps, RPA, BPA)

Business process automation (BPA) Term Software Automation (Year 12)

Using software to automate a whole business process or workflow (for example approvals, payroll or order processing) to cut cost and errors.

Example: 'Automatic approval of leave requests.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.

Memorise: AI v ML; ML supporting automation (DevOps, RPA, BPA)

Supervised learning Term Software Automation (Year 12)

Training on labelled data (inputs paired with correct outputs) so the model can predict the label for new data.

Example: 'Photos labelled cat or dog train an image classifier.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: 2025 Q3
Matching or table: Matching or table question: match it to its description, example or category.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks or dropdown: choose this term to complete a statement or table.

Related past questions: 2025 HSC Q3 (1 mark): Machine learning training

Memorise: Models of training ML

Unsupervised learning Term Software Automation (Year 12)

Training on unlabelled data so the model finds patterns or groups (clusters) by itself.

Example: 'Group customers by buying habits.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Matching or table: Matching or table question: match it to its description, example or category.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks or dropdown: choose this term to complete a statement or table.

Related past questions: 2025 HSC Q3 (1 mark): Machine learning training

Memorise: Models of training ML

Semi-supervised learning Term Software Automation (Year 12)

Training with a small amount of labelled data and a large amount of unlabelled data.

Example: 'Label a few images, let the model help label the rest.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Matching or table: Matching or table question: match it to its description, example or category.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks or dropdown: choose this term to complete a statement or table.

Related past questions: 2025 HSC Q3 (1 mark): Machine learning training

Memorise: Models of training ML

Reinforcement learning Term Software Automation (Year 12)

The model learns by trial and error, receiving rewards or penalties for its actions in an environment, to maximise reward.

Example: 'A robot learns to walk by being rewarded.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Matching or table: Matching or table question: match it to its description, example or category.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks or dropdown: choose this term to complete a statement or table.

Related past questions: 2025 HSC Q3 (1 mark): Machine learning training

Memorise: Models of training ML

Training data and test data Term Software Automation (Year 12)

Training data is used to teach the model; separate test data checks how well it works on data it has not seen.

Example: 'Hold back 20% of the data for testing.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks or dropdown: choose this term to complete a statement or table.

Memorise: Models of training ML

Check this one: Standard ML practice; check the exact wording against your class notes.

Data analysis and forecasting Term Software Automation (Year 12)

ML finds trends in past data to predict future values (sales, weather, demand).

Example: 'Forecast next month's electricity demand.'

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.
Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.

Memorise: Applications of key ML algorithms

Virtual personal assistant Term Software Automation (Year 12)

Software (Siri, Alexa) that uses ML to understand speech or text and do tasks such as set reminders, improving as it learns.

Example: 'A voice assistant learns your accent.'

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.
Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.

Memorise: Applications of key ML algorithms

Image recognition Term Software Automation (Year 12)

ML identifying objects, faces or text in images, usually with neural networks trained on many labelled images.

Example: 'Detect faces in photos.'

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.
Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.

Memorise: Applications of key ML algorithms

Decision tree Diagram Software Automation (Year 12)

A flowchart-like model where each internal node tests a condition, branches are outcomes and leaves are decisions or predictions.

Example: 'Is it raining? yes: take umbrella; no: next test.'

Where you would use it in the test

Drawing: Draw or complete a decision tree (sample Q20, fam Q7)
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.

Memorise: Decision trees

Neural network Term Software Automation (Year 12)

A model made of connected layers of nodes (neurons): an input layer, one or more hidden layers and an output layer; connection weights are adjusted during training.

Example: 2025 Q25: a neural network is one technique within AI.

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Distinguish a neural network from AI (2025 Q25)
Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Python: Python question: write or complete it in the online Python tool.

Memorise: Decision trees

Linear regression Term Software Automation (Year 12)

Fits a straight line through data to predict a numeric value from one or more inputs.

Example: 'Predict house price from floor area.'

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Compare linear regression and KNN (sample Q23b)
Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Python: Python question: write or complete it in the online Python tool.

Memorise: Decision trees

Polynomial regression Term Software Automation (Year 12)

Fits a curve (a polynomial) to data where the relationship is not a straight line, to predict a numeric value.

Example: 'Predict plant growth that speeds up then slows down.'

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Python: Python question: write or complete it in the online Python tool.

Memorise: Decision trees

Logistic regression Term Software Automation (Year 12)

Predicts the probability of a category (yes or no) and so is used for classification, not for predicting a number.

Example: 'Predict whether an email is spam.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: 2025 Q12: true or false statements
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Python: Python question: write or complete it in the online Python tool.

Related past questions: 2025 HSC Q12 (2 marks): Logistic regression

Memorise: Decision trees

K-nearest neighbour (KNN) Term Software Automation (Year 12)

Classifies a new item by looking at the K closest items in the training data and choosing the most common class among them.

Example: 'With K = 3, the three nearest points vote.'

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Compare with linear regression (sample Q23b)
Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.

Memorise: Decision trees

OOP for ML programming Code pattern Software Automation (Year 12)

ML models are written as classes: attributes hold data and weights, methods train, predict and evaluate.

Example: 'model = LinearRegression(); model.fit(x, y); model.predict([[5]])'

Where you would use it in the test

Python: Python question: write or complete it in the online Python tool.
Code reading: Code or algorithm reading: interpret a fragment and state its output or purpose.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.

Memorise: Decision trees

Impact of automation Term Software Automation (Year 12)

Effects on safety of workers, people with disability, the nature and skills required for employment, production efficiency, waste and the environment, and the economy and distribution of wealth.

Example: 2025 Q24 marker note: use the stimulus and give positives and negatives.

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Discuss the impact of automation on workers (2025 Q24)
Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.

Memorise: Impact of automation on individuals, society and the environment

Safety of workers Term Software Automation (Year 12)

Robots take over dangerous tasks (positive) but can cause injury or stress if poorly designed (negative).

Example: 'Robots handle toxic chemicals.'

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.

Memorise: Impact of automation on individuals, society and the environment

People with disability Term Software Automation (Year 12)

Automation can improve access (voice control, assistive devices) but can also exclude people if not designed accessibly.

Example: 'Voice assistants help people with limited mobility.'

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.

Memorise: Impact of automation on individuals, society and the environment

Nature and skills of employment Term Software Automation (Year 12)

Jobs change: routine roles shrink; demand grows for design, maintenance and data skills; retraining is needed.

Example: 'Factory workers retrain as robot technicians.'

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.

Memorise: Impact of automation on individuals, society and the environment

Production efficiency, waste and the environment Term Software Automation (Year 12)

Automation can increase output and reduce waste and errors but uses energy and creates electronic waste.

Example: 'Precision machines reduce material waste.'

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.

Memorise: Impact of automation on individuals, society and the environment

Economy and distribution of wealth Term Software Automation (Year 12)

Automation can lift productivity and profit but may concentrate wealth with owners and cut incomes of displaced workers.

Example: 'Savings go to shareholders while jobs are lost.'

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.

Memorise: Impact of automation on individuals, society and the environment

Patterns in human behaviour Term Software Automation (Year 12)

How people's behaviour affects ML and AI design: psychological responses, patterns related to acute stress response (fight, flight, freeze), cultural protocols and belief systems.

Example: 'An alert system must not overload a person under stress.'

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.
Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.

Memorise: Impact of automation on individuals, society and the environment

Dataset source bias Term Software Automation (Year 12)

Unfair results because the training data is unrepresentative or reflects past prejudice.

Example: 'A face detector trained mostly on one group fails on others.'

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Explain bias in AI (2025 Q27, sample Q23a)
Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.
Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.

Memorise: Impact of automation on individuals, society and the environment

Human bias Term Software Automation (Year 12)

Developers' own assumptions or prejudices influence design, data selection or labelling and so the outcomes.

Example: 'Labellers' opinions shape the labels.'

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.
Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.

Memorise: Impact of automation on individuals, society and the environment

MLOps Term Software Automation (Year 12)

The automated process of designing, training and deploying ML models, borrowing the principles of DevOps. The three stages are Design, Model development and Operations.

Example: 'Design, then model development, then operations.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Drag into order: Order the MLOps stages

Related past questions: 2025 HSC Q11 (1 mark): DevOps

Memorise: AI v ML; ML supporting automation (DevOps, RPA, BPA)

MLOps design stage Term Software Automation (Year 12)

Define the business problem, refactor it into a machine learning problem, define success metrics and research the available data.

Example: 'Success metric: 95% accuracy.'

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Drag into order: Drag into order: know where it sits in the sequence.

Memorise: AI v ML; ML supporting automation (DevOps, RPA, BPA)

MLOps model development stage Term Software Automation (Year 12)

Data wrangling, feature engineering, model training, and model testing and validation.

Example: 'Clean the data, then train the model.'

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Drag into order: Drag into order: know where it sits in the sequence.

Memorise: AI v ML; ML supporting automation (DevOps, RPA, BPA)

MLOps operations stage Term Software Automation (Year 12)

Model deployment, supporting operations and use, and monitoring model performance.

Example: 'Monitor the model for drift.'

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Drag into order: Drag into order: know where it sits in the sequence.

Memorise: AI v ML; ML supporting automation (DevOps, RPA, BPA)

Neural network training and execution cycle Term Software Automation (Year 12)

In the training cycle, weightings and threshold values for each node are set by exposing the network to inputs with known responses. In the execution cycle, those learned values are used to produce the output. Stronger weightings mean higher priority.

Example: 'Training sets the weights; execution uses them.'

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.

Memorise: AI v ML; ML supporting automation (DevOps, RPA, BPA)

Requirements Term The Software Engineering Project (Year 12)

What the solution must do (functionality) and how well (performance), found by analysing the problem.

Example: 'The app must show results within 2 seconds.'

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.
Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.

Memorise: Define and analyse the requirements of a problem

Need or opportunity Term The Software Engineering Project (Year 12)

The reason for the project: a problem to fix or a chance to improve something.

Example: 'Manual marking takes too long.'

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.

Memorise: Define and analyse the requirements of a problem

Feasibility Term The Software Engineering Project (Year 12)

Whether the project can realistically be done: scheduling (time) and financial (cost) feasibility.

Example: 'Can it be finished by term 4 within budget?'

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.

Memorise: Define and analyse the requirements of a problem

Functionality and performance requirements Term The Software Engineering Project (Year 12)

Functionality is what the software does; performance is how fast, how reliable, how much load.

Example: 'Functional: calculate tax. Performance: respond within 1 second.'

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.

Memorise: Define and analyse the requirements of a problem

Boundaries Term The Software Engineering Project (Year 12)

What is included in the solution and what is not (its scope).

Example: 'The system covers booking, not payment.'

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.

Memorise: Define and analyse the requirements of a problem

Data structures and data types (defining) Term The Software Engineering Project (Year 12)

Deciding which structures (array, record, list) and types (integer, string, Boolean) the solution will use.

Example: 'Store each student as a record.'

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.

Memorise: Define and analyse the requirements of a problem

Brainstorming, mind-mapping and storyboards Term The Software Engineering Project (Year 12)

Idea tools: brainstorming lists ideas freely, a mind map shows how ideas connect, a storyboard shows the screens or steps in order.

Example: 'A storyboard of three app screens.'

Where you would use it in the test

Drawing: Draw a storyboard
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.

Memorise: Define and analyse the requirements of a problem

Data dictionary Term The Software Engineering Project (Year 12)

A table listing each data item with its name, data type, size or format, description and validation rules.

Example: 'Age | Integer | 0-120.'

Where you would use it in the test

Drawing: Complete a data dictionary
Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.

Memorise: Define and analyse the requirements of a problem

Code generation Term The Software Engineering Project (Year 12)

Writing the code from the design, using appropriate language structures.

Example: 'Convert pseudocode to Python.'

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.

Memorise: Define and analyse the requirements of a problem

Installation Term The Software Engineering Project (Year 12)

Putting the finished software into use in the client environment.

Example: 'Install on all school computers.'

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.

Memorise: Define and analyse the requirements of a problem

Maintenance Term The Software Engineering Project (Year 12)

Updating the software after release to fix errors, add features or adapt to change.

Example: 'Release a patch for a security bug.'

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.

Memorise: Define and analyse the requirements of a problem

Direct implementation Term The Software Engineering Project (Year 12)

The old system stops and the new one starts straight away; cheap and fast but risky.

Example: 'Switch off the old system on Friday and use the new one Monday.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: 2025 Q1 (pilot)
Matching or table: Matching or table question: match it to its description, example or category.
Short answer: Compare implementation methods (sample Q5)

Memorise: Implementation (conversion) methods

Phased implementation Term The Software Engineering Project (Year 12)

The new system is introduced in stages (one module or area at a time).

Example: 'Roll out the new timetable first, then attendance.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Matching or table: Matching or table question: match it to its description, example or category.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.

Memorise: Implementation (conversion) methods

Parallel implementation Term The Software Engineering Project (Year 12)

The old and new systems run side by side until the new one is trusted; safe but costly.

Example: 'Run both payroll systems for a month.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Matching or table: Matching or table question: match it to its description, example or category.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.

Memorise: Implementation (conversion) methods

Pilot implementation Term The Software Engineering Project (Year 12)

The new system is trialled by a small group or one location first, then rolled out to everyone.

Example: 'One branch tries the new system first.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: 2025 Q1: pilot
Matching or table: Matching or table question: match it to its description, example or category.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.

Memorise: Implementation (conversion) methods

Waterfall approach Term The Software Engineering Project (Year 12)

A linear approach where each stage (requirements, design, development, testing, installation, maintenance) is finished before the next starts, like falling water. Advantages: clear structure and documentation. Disadvantages: hard to change, late testing. Suits large, well-defined projects.

Example: 'Fixed requirements and a big government system suit Waterfall.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: 2025 Q2 dropdown
Short answer: Compare Waterfall and Agile
Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.

Related past questions: 2025 HSC Q2 (1 mark): Software development approaches

Memorise: Waterfall

Agile approach Term The Software Engineering Project (Year 12)

An iterative approach that builds the software in short cycles (sprints), delivering working versions often and adapting to feedback; method tailoring is allowed. Suits changing requirements and small to medium projects.

Example: 'Release a working feature every two weeks.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: 2025 Q2 dropdown
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.

Related past questions: 2025 HSC Q2 (1 mark): Software development approaches

Memorise: Waterfall

WAgile Term The Software Engineering Project (Year 12)

A hybrid of Waterfall and Agile: for example, Waterfall planning and Agile development. The analysis considers when and how intervention is applied across the life cycle.

Example: 'Fixed budget and scope from Waterfall, Agile sprints for building.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.

Related past questions: 2025 HSC Q2 (1 mark): Software development approaches

Memorise: Waterfall

Iteration workflow Term The Software Engineering Project (Year 12)

The repeated cycle of plan, build, test and review in Agile; each iteration improves the product.

Example: 'Each sprint ends with a demo and feedback.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.

Related past questions: 2025 HSC Q2 (1 mark): Software development approaches

Memorise: Waterfall

Project management Term The Software Engineering Project (Year 12)

Planning, scheduling, tracking and controlling the work, time, people and resources to deliver the project.

Example: 'Use a tool to track tasks and deadlines.'

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.
Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.

Memorise: Project management, communication and ethics

Gantt chart Diagram The Software Engineering Project (Year 12)

A bar chart showing tasks against time, with start and end dates, duration and dependencies; used to schedule and track a project.

Example: 'Testing cannot start until coding finishes.'

Where you would use it in the test

Drawing: Draw or read a Gantt chart
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.

Memorise: Project management, communication and ethics

Collaboration tools Term The Software Engineering Project (Year 12)

Tools that help teams work together, such as messaging, shared documents, task boards and version control.

Example: 'A shared task board tracks who does what.'

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.

Related past questions: Sample exam Q4 (1 mark): Collaboration

Memorise: Project management, communication and ethics

Communication issues Term The Software Engineering Project (Year 12)

Involving and empowering the client, enabling feedback and negotiating.

Example: 'Show the client a prototype for feedback.'

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.
Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.

Memorise: Project management, communication and ethics

Quality assurance (QA) Term The Software Engineering Project (Year 12)

Defining quality criteria, checking continually that requirements are met, and addressing compliance and legislative requirements.

Example: 'Define criteria such as speed and accuracy.'

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.
Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.

Memorise: Project management, communication and ethics

Modelling tools Term The Software Engineering Project (Year 12)

Diagrams that show structure, data or behaviour of a solution: DFDs, structure charts, class diagrams, ERDs, decision trees, storyboards and flowcharts.

Example: 'A DFD models the flow of data.'

Where you would use it in the test

Drawing: Drawing question: draw or label it in the online drawing tool.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.

Memorise: Project management, communication and ethics

Back-end engineering contribution Term The Software Engineering Project (Year 12)

Back-end engineering helps success and ease of development through the technology used, error handling, interfacing with the front end and security engineering.

Example: 'A well-defined API makes front-end work easier.'

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Explain the contribution of back-end engineering
Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.

Related past questions: 2025 HSC Q23b (3 marks): Server-side web programming

Memorise: Project management, communication and ethics

Resource allocation Term The Software Engineering Project (Year 12)

Assigning people, time, hardware, software and money to the tasks that need them.

Example: 'Allocate two developers to the database.'

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.

Memorise: Maintenance, version control, stubs and drivers, optimisation

Presenting a solution Term The Software Engineering Project (Year 12)

Using presentation software to show the solution, its features, testing and evaluation to stakeholders.

Example: 'Slides demo the working prototype.'

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.

Memorise: Maintenance, version control, stubs and drivers, optimisation

Version control (project) Term The Software Engineering Project (Year 12)

Keeping a history of file versions so changes can be tracked and undone and several people work together with branches and merges.

Example: 'Commit after each feature.'

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.

Related past questions: Sample exam Q4 (1 mark): Collaboration

Memorise: Maintenance, version control, stubs and drivers, optimisation

Strategies for difficulties Term The Software Engineering Project (Year 12)

Looking for a solution online, collaborating with peers and outsourcing.

Example: 'Ask a classmate or search documentation.'

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.
Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.

Memorise: Maintenance, version control, stubs and drivers, optimisation

Prototype Term The Software Engineering Project (Year 12)

An early working model of the solution used to test ideas and gather feedback before final development.

Example: 'A clickable mock-up of the app.'

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Drawing: User interface sketch

Memorise: Maintenance, version control, stubs and drivers, optimisation

User interface (UI) design Diagram The Software Engineering Project (Year 12)

Planning the screens and controls users interact with, so they are clear, consistent and accessible.

Example: 'Large buttons, clear labels, good contrast.'

Where you would use it in the test

Drawing: Draw a UI (familiarisation Q9a)
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.

Memorise: Maintenance, version control, stubs and drivers, optimisation

Testing methodologies Term The Software Engineering Project (Year 12)

Ways of checking code: unit, integration and system testing, using black box and white box approaches.

Example: 'Test each subroutine on its own first.'

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.

Related past questions: Sample exam Q11 (3 marks): Testing (test data)

Memorise: Quality assurance, testing methods and test data

Language-dependent code optimisation Term The Software Engineering Project (Year 12)

Improving code efficiency using features of the chosen language (list comprehensions, built-in functions, efficient data structures).

Example: 'In Python, use a list comprehension instead of a loop.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: 2025 Q4
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.

Related past questions: 2025 HSC Q4 (1 mark): Optimisation

Memorise: Quality assurance, testing methods and test data

Feedback Term The Software Engineering Project (Year 12)

Information from users and stakeholders about how the software works, used to improve it.

Example: 'Survey users after the trial.'

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.

Memorise: Quality assurance, testing methods and test data

Test plan Term The Software Engineering Project (Year 12)

A document listing test cases, test data, expected output and results.

Example: 'Test 1: age = 17, expected output: Accepted.'

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Drawing: Table of test data
Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.

Memorise: Quality assurance, testing methods and test data

Path and boundary testing Term The Software Engineering Project (Year 12)

Testing every route through the code (path) and values at the edges of valid ranges (boundary: just inside, on and just outside).

Example: 'Valid range 1-10: test 0, 1, 10, 11.'

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Give test data (sample Q11, fam Q5)
Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks or dropdown: choose this term to complete a statement or table.

Memorise: Quality assurance, testing methods and test data

Actual v expected output Term The Software Engineering Project (Year 12)

Comparing the output the program produced with the output expected; a difference shows an error.

Example: 'Expected 15, actual 12: logic error.'

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Drawing: Drawing question: draw or label it in the online drawing tool.

Related past questions: Sample exam Q11 (3 marks): Testing (test data)

Memorise: Quality assurance, testing methods and test data

Feedback report Term The Software Engineering Project (Year 12)

A report that synthesises (combines) feedback from users and testing so improvements can be decided.

Example: 'A summary table of user comments.'

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.

Memorise: Quality assurance, testing methods and test data

Evaluating effectiveness Term The Software Engineering Project (Year 12)

Judging how well the solution meets its requirements using test results, feedback and criteria.

Example: 'Did the solution meet the speed requirement?'

Where you would use it in the test

Extended response: Evaluate (extended response)
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.

Memorise: Quality assurance, testing methods and test data

Functional testing Term The Software Engineering Project (Year 12)

Checking that each function of the software does what the requirements say.

Example: 'Click Add to cart and check the item appears.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Matching or table: Matching or table question: match it to its description, example or category.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.

Related past questions: Sample exam Q11 (3 marks): Testing (test data)

Memorise: Quality assurance, testing methods and test data

Acceptance testing Term The Software Engineering Project (Year 12)

The client or end users check that the finished system meets their needs before accepting it.

Example: 'The school tests the timetable system before signing off.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Matching or table: Matching or table question: match it to its description, example or category.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.

Related past questions: Sample exam Q11 (3 marks): Testing (test data)

Memorise: Quality assurance, testing methods and test data

Live data Term The Software Engineering Project (Year 12)

Real data from the actual working environment used to test the system.

Example: 'Test with real customer orders.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Matching or table: Matching or table question: match it to its description, example or category.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.

Memorise: Quality assurance, testing methods and test data

Simulated data Term The Software Engineering Project (Year 12)

Made-up data that imitates real data, used to test safely without risking real information.

Example: 'Generate 1000 fake customers.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Matching or table: Matching or table question: match it to its description, example or category.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.

Memorise: Quality assurance, testing methods and test data

Beta testing Term The Software Engineering Project (Year 12)

Real users trial a near-final version of the software and report problems before the full release.

Example: 'A public beta of a new app.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Matching or table: Matching or table question: match it to its description, example or category.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.

Memorise: Quality assurance, testing methods and test data

Volume testing Term The Software Engineering Project (Year 12)

Testing the system with large amounts of data to see whether it still performs.

Example: 'Load 1 million records and time the search.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Matching or table: Matching or table question: match it to its description, example or category.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.

Memorise: Quality assurance, testing methods and test data

Corrective maintenance Term The Software Engineering Project (Year 12)

Fixing bugs and errors found after release.

Example: 'Patch a crash on logout.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Matching or table: Matching or table question: match it to its description, example or category.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.

Memorise: Quality assurance, testing methods and test data

Adaptive maintenance Term The Software Engineering Project (Year 12)

Changing software so it works in a new or changed environment (a new operating system or law).

Example: 'Update the app for a new phone OS.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Matching or table: Matching or table question: match it to its description, example or category.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.

Memorise: Quality assurance, testing methods and test data

Perfective maintenance Term The Software Engineering Project (Year 12)

Improving performance or adding features after release.

Example: 'Make search faster.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Matching or table: Matching or table question: match it to its description, example or category.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.

Memorise: Quality assurance, testing methods and test data

Functional requirement Term The Software Engineering Project (Year 12)

What the system must do (its functions), as opposed to how well it performs.

Example: 'The system must calculate GST.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks or dropdown: choose this term to complete a statement or table.

Memorise: Quality assurance, testing methods and test data

Driver (test driver) Term The Software Engineering Project (Year 12)

Test code that calls the module under test, used with stubs (which stand in for modules the code calls) so a part can be tested before the rest exists.

Example: 'A driver calls calculateTotal() with test values.'

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks or dropdown: choose this term to complete a statement or table.

Memorise: Quality assurance, testing methods and test data

Data flow diagram (DFD) Diagram Diagrams and Modelling Tools (Years 11 and 12)

A diagram that shows how data moves through a system between processes, data stores and external entities.

Example: 'Voting system: voter, vote data, count.'

Where you would use it in the test

Drawing: Draw or complete a DFD
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.

Memorise: Drawing rules: DFD, structure chart, storyboard, decision tree, class diagram, ERD

Level 0 DFD (context diagram) Diagram Diagrams and Modelling Tools (Years 11 and 12)

An overview of the whole system as one process; it does not show data stores or internal processes, only external entities and data flows.

Example: 'One circle: Library system with Member and Librarian.'

Where you would use it in the test

Drawing: Drawing question: draw or label it in the online drawing tool.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.

Memorise: Drawing rules: DFD, structure chart, storyboard, decision tree, class diagram, ERD

Level 1 DFD Diagram Diagrams and Modelling Tools (Years 11 and 12)

Breaks the single process of the Level 0 diagram into its main processes and shows data stores and flows between them.

Example: 'Process 1 Borrow book, process 2 Return book, data store Loans.'

Where you would use it in the test

Drawing: Drawing question: draw or label it in the online drawing tool.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.

Memorise: Drawing rules: DFD, structure chart, storyboard, decision tree, class diagram, ERD

Check this one: The course specification gives the Level 0 diagram; Level 1 as a refinement is standard practice. Check how your teacher draws it.

Structure chart Diagram Diagrams and Modelling Tools (Years 11 and 12)

Shows the separate subroutines that make up a system and their relationship to each other, top-down from the main routine.

Example: 'Main calls Get Data, Process Data, Display Results.'

Where you would use it in the test

Drawing: Draw a structure chart (sample Q10, familiarisation Q4)
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.

Memorise: Drawing rules: DFD, structure chart, storyboard, decision tree, class diagram, ERD

Class diagram Diagram Diagrams and Modelling Tools (Years 11 and 12)

A visual representation of an object-oriented system: classes (name, attributes, methods) and the relationships between them.

Example: 'Person with Student and Parent inheriting from it.'

Where you would use it in the test

Drawing: Draw a class diagram with inheritance (2025 Q22, sample Q24)
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.

Memorise: Drawing rules: DFD, structure chart, storyboard, decision tree, class diagram, ERD

Entity relationship diagram (ERD) Diagram Diagrams and Modelling Tools (Years 11 and 12)

Shows the tables (entities) in a database, their attributes and the relationships between them (one-to-one, one-to-many, many-to-many) using primary and foreign keys.

Example: 'Customer 1 to many Order.'

Where you would use it in the test

Drawing: Draw an ERD
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.

Memorise: Drawing rules: DFD, structure chart, storyboard, decision tree, class diagram, ERD

Check this one: Your school's drawing-questions page says the ERD is technically NOT in the syllabus (practice only); the course specification has no ERD symbols. Learn it as a low priority.

Storyboard Diagram Diagrams and Modelling Tools (Years 11 and 12)

Shows the screens of an interface and the links (navigation) between them.

Example: 'Home page links to Menu and Contact pages.'

Where you would use it in the test

Drawing: Draw a storyboard
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.

Memorise: Drawing rules: DFD, structure chart, storyboard, decision tree, class diagram, ERD

Decision tree (diagram) Diagram Diagrams and Modelling Tools (Years 11 and 12)

Represents all possible combinations of decisions and their resulting actions. Each path leads to another decision or a final action.

Example: 'If temperature > 25 then fan on.'

Where you would use it in the test

Drawing: Drawing question: draw or label it in the online drawing tool.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.

Memorise: Drawing rules: DFD, structure chart, storyboard, decision tree, class diagram, ERD

Data dictionary (specification) Diagram Diagrams and Modelling Tools (Years 11 and 12)

Describes every variable: name, data type, format for display, size in bytes, size for display, description, example and validation rules.

Where you would use it in the test

Drawing: Complete a data dictionary (2025 Q15a)
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks or dropdown: choose this term to complete a statement or table.

Memorise: Drawing rules: DFD, structure chart, storyboard, decision tree, class diagram, ERD

Gantt chart (specification) Diagram Diagrams and Modelling Tools (Years 11 and 12)

Shows tasks on an estimated timeline with self-explanatory names, estimated time, dependent tasks, dates and milestones; can allocate resources and show percentage completion, and is updated with actual v estimated times.

Example: 'Design (1 wk) then Build (2 wk), dependent on Design.'

Where you would use it in the test

Drawing: Draw or read a Gantt chart
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.

Memorise: Drawing rules: DFD, structure chart, storyboard, decision tree, class diagram, ERD

Process diary (log book) Diagram Diagrams and Modelling Tools (Years 11 and 12)

Documents progress with regular entries: date, person, progress since last entry, tasks achieved, issues and how managed, upcoming approaches, reflective comments and resources used.

Example: 'Entry: 12 Mar, Sam, finished login, issue: bug fixed with debugger.'

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks or dropdown: choose this term to complete a statement or table.

Memorise: Drawing rules: DFD, structure chart, storyboard, decision tree, class diagram, ERD

Wiring diagram Diagram Diagrams and Modelling Tools (Years 11 and 12)

Uses standard symbols (resistor, capacitor, diode, LED, switch, motor, speaker, voltage source) to show how mechatronic components are connected; label any extra components.

Example: 'A battery, switch and LED in series.'

Where you would use it in the test

Drawing: Drawing question: draw or label it in the online drawing tool.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.

Memorise: Drawing rules: DFD, structure chart, storyboard, decision tree, class diagram, ERD

Flowchart Diagram Diagrams and Modelling Tools (Years 11 and 12)

Represents an algorithm with standard symbols connected by lines with arrowheads, read top to bottom and left to right, using only the standard control structures. Label arrows leaving a decision (Yes or No).

Example: 'Diamond: age >= 18? Yes: Display Adult.'

Where you would use it in the test

Drawing: Draw a flowchart
Code reading: Code or algorithm reading: interpret a fragment and state its output or purpose.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.

Memorise: Drawing rules: DFD, structure chart, storyboard, decision tree, class diagram, ERD

Mainline and subroutines (algorithms) Diagram Diagrams and Modelling Tools (Years 11 and 12)

Start complex algorithms with a clear, uncluttered mainline that calls subroutines; the details of each subroutine are in separate algorithms.

Example: 'BEGIN Main: GetData, Process, Display END.'

Where you would use it in the test

Pseudocode: Pseudocode question: use it correctly in the exam pseudocode editor.
Drawing: Drawing question: draw or label it in the online drawing tool.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.

Memorise: Drawing rules: DFD, structure chart, storyboard, decision tree, class diagram, ERD

Python sqlite3 parameterised query Code pattern Code Patterns: Pseudocode, Python, SQL, CSS (Years 11 and 12)

Use ? placeholders and pass values separately, never join user text into the SQL string, to stop SQL injection.

Example: 'cur.execute("SELECT * FROM user WHERE name = ?", (name,))'

Where you would use it in the test

Python: Python question: write or complete it in the online Python tool.
Code reading: Code or algorithm reading: interpret a fragment and state its output or purpose.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.

Memorise: Python basics: input, selection, loops, strings

Check this one: Parameterised queries are standard secure practice (defensive input handling); the syllabus does not name sqlite3.

XSS JavaScript fragment reading Code pattern Code Patterns: Pseudocode, Python, SQL, CSS (Years 11 and 12)

Be able to read a short JavaScript fragment and spot where untrusted input is inserted into a page without sanitising.

Example: 'element.innerHTML = userInput is unsafe.'

Where you would use it in the test

Code reading: Code or algorithm reading: interpret a fragment and state its output or purpose.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.

Memorise: SQL: HSC syntax and must-know queries

Identify Command word Command Words and Question-type Skills

Recognise and name.

Example: 'Identify one cause of a logic error.' Answer: one word or phrase (1 mark).

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Matching or table: Matching or table question: match it to its description, example or category.

Related past questions: 2025 HSC Q15b (3 marks): Testing and debugging

Memorise: NESA key verbs: what each one asks for

Outline Command word Command Words and Question-type Skills

Sketch in general terms; indicate the main features of.

Example: 'Outline two ways to minimise load time.' Answer: short statement per point, no deep detail.

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.

Memorise: NESA key verbs: what each one asks for

Describe Command word Command Words and Question-type Skills

Provide characteristics and features.

Example: 'Describe privacy by design.' Answer: what it is and what it does, with a detail or example.

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.

Memorise: NESA key verbs: what each one asks for

Distinguish Command word Command Words and Question-type Skills

Note differences between things.

Example: 'Distinguish neural networks from AI.' Answer: name both and say what is different.

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.

Memorise: NESA key verbs: what each one asks for

Compare Command word Command Words and Question-type Skills

Show how things are similar or different.

Example: 'Compare a PWA with an interactive website.' Answer: use both/whereas/however; give a similarity and a difference.

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.

Related past questions: 2025 HSC Q16a (3 marks): Progressive web apps

Memorise: NESA key verbs: what each one asks for

Contrast Command word Command Words and Question-type Skills

Show how things are different or opposite.

Example: 'Contrast Waterfall with Agile.' Answer: differences only.

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.

Related past questions: 2025 HSC Q2 (1 mark): Software development approaches

Memorise: NESA key verbs: what each one asks for

Explain Command word Command Words and Question-type Skills

Relate cause and effect; make the relationship between things evident; provide why and/or how.

Example: 'Explain why server-side programming is needed.' Answer: use because, therefore, which means.

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.

Memorise: NESA key verbs: what each one asks for

Discuss Command word Command Words and Question-type Skills

Identify issues and provide points for and/or against.

Example: 'Discuss the impact on workers.' Answer: give a positive AND a negative, then a short conclusion.

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.

Memorise: NESA key verbs: what each one asks for

Analyse Command word Command Words and Question-type Skills

Identify components and the relationship between them; draw out and relate implications.

Example: 'Analyse the effect of bias.' Answer: break into parts, show how they connect, say what follows.

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.

Memorise: NESA key verbs: what each one asks for

Assess Command word Command Words and Question-type Skills

Make a judgement of value, quality, outcomes, results or size.

Example: 'Assess the impact of automation.' Answer: state a judgement, then support it.

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.

Memorise: NESA key verbs: what each one asks for

Evaluate Command word Command Words and Question-type Skills

Make a judgement based on criteria; determine the value of.

Example: 'Evaluate the effectiveness of the solution.' Answer: use criteria (speed, cost, security) and finish with a verdict.

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.

Memorise: NESA key verbs: what each one asks for

Justify Command word Command Words and Question-type Skills

Support an argument or conclusion.

Example: 'Justify the implementation method.' Answer: decision plus the reason, linked to the scenario.

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.

Related past questions: Sample exam Q5 (1 mark): Implementation methods

Memorise: NESA key verbs: what each one asks for

Define Command word Command Words and Question-type Skills

State the meaning and identify the essential qualities.

Example: 'Define metadata.' Answer: a precise one-line meaning.

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks or dropdown: choose this term to complete a statement or table.

Related past questions: 2025 HSC Q18 (3 marks): Big data and web architecture

Memorise: NESA key verbs: what each one asks for

Account for Command word Command Words and Question-type Skills

State reasons for, report on; give an account of; narrate a series of events or transactions.

Example: 'Account for the failure of the test.' Answer: give reasons, in order.

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.

Memorise: NESA key verbs: what each one asks for

Apply Command word Command Words and Question-type Skills

Use, utilise or employ in a particular situation.

Example: 'Apply input validation to this code.' Answer: use the idea on the given scenario.

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Python: Python question: write or complete it in the online Python tool.

Memorise: NESA key verbs: what each one asks for

Calculate Command word Command Words and Question-type Skills

Ascertain or determine from given facts, figures or information.

Example: 'Calculate the binary value.' Answer: show working.

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.

Memorise: NESA key verbs: what each one asks for

Clarify Command word Command Words and Question-type Skills

Make clear or plain.

Example: 'Clarify the difference.'

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.

Memorise: NESA key verbs: what each one asks for

Classify Command word Command Words and Question-type Skills

Arrange or include in classes or categories.

Example: 'Classify features as SAST or DAST.' Answer: place each item in a category.

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Matching or table: Matching or table question: match it to its description, example or category.
Drawing: Drawing question: draw or label it in the online drawing tool.

Related past questions: 2025 HSC Q13 (2 marks): SAST and DAST

Memorise: NESA key verbs: what each one asks for

Deduce Command word Command Words and Question-type Skills

Draw conclusions.

Example: 'Deduce the output.'

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.

Memorise: NESA key verbs: what each one asks for

Demonstrate Command word Command Words and Question-type Skills

Show by example.

Example: 'Demonstrate how it works.'

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Python: Python question: write or complete it in the online Python tool.

Memorise: NESA key verbs: what each one asks for

Examine Command word Command Words and Question-type Skills

Inquire into.

Example: 'Examine the social impact.'

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.

Memorise: NESA key verbs: what each one asks for

Extract Command word Command Words and Question-type Skills

Choose relevant and/or appropriate details.

Example: 'Extract two features from the stimulus.'

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.

Memorise: NESA key verbs: what each one asks for

Extrapolate Command word Command Words and Question-type Skills

Infer from what is known.

Example: 'Extrapolate the trend.'

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.

Memorise: NESA key verbs: what each one asks for

Interpret Command word Command Words and Question-type Skills

Draw meaning from.

Example: 'Interpret the code fragment.'

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Code reading: Code or algorithm reading: interpret a fragment and state its output or purpose.

Memorise: NESA key verbs: what each one asks for

Investigate Command word Command Words and Question-type Skills

Plan, inquire into and draw conclusions about.

Example: 'Investigate the effect.'

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.

Memorise: NESA key verbs: what each one asks for

Predict Command word Command Words and Question-type Skills

Suggest what may happen based on available information.

Example: 'Predict the output.'

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.

Memorise: NESA key verbs: what each one asks for

Propose Command word Command Words and Question-type Skills

Put forward (for example a point of view, idea, argument, suggestion) for consideration or action.

Example: 'Propose an additional innovative solution.'

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.

Memorise: NESA key verbs: what each one asks for

Recall Command word Command Words and Question-type Skills

Present remembered ideas, facts or experiences.

Example: 'Recall the steps.'

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.

Memorise: NESA key verbs: what each one asks for

Recount Command word Command Words and Question-type Skills

Retell a series of events.

Example: 'Recount the steps.'

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.

Memorise: NESA key verbs: what each one asks for

Summarise Command word Command Words and Question-type Skills

Express concisely the relevant details.

Example: 'Summarise the findings.'

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.

Memorise: NESA key verbs: what each one asks for

Synthesise Command word Command Words and Question-type Skills

Putting together various elements to make a whole.

Example: 'Synthesise the feedback.'

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.

Memorise: NESA key verbs: what each one asks for

Short-answer questions Process Command Words and Question-type Skills

One clear point per mark, use the stimulus and course terms, and answer the command word.

Example: 2025 Q15 to Q25.

Where you would use it in the test

Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.

Memorise: Exam day facts, key verbs and technique

Reading time Process Command Words and Question-type Skills

The 2.5-hour exam includes 10 minutes of reading time. Plan: objective first, then short answer, leave time for the extended responses.

Example: Exam: Tue 27 Oct 2026, 9:50 am (Sydney time), 80 marks, online.

Where you would use it in the test

Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.

Memorise: Exam day facts, key verbs and technique