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Flashcards for Extended response questions

80 cards where the term can be tested as a extended response question. Study these as flip cards Random

Online code collaboration tools Process Programming Fundamentals (Year 11)

Web platforms where developers store, share, review and co-edit code with version control and issue tracking, for example GitHub, GitLab or Bitbucket.

Example: 'GitHub lets team members branch, merge and review each other's changes without overwriting work.'

Where you would use it in the test
  • Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
  • Short answer: Outline how one supports a team
  • Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.

Memorise: Software development steps and algorithm design

Quality criteria for evaluating code Term Programming Fundamentals (Year 11)

The syllabus tests solutions against four qualities: functionality, performance, readability of code and quality of documentation.

Example: Mention all four when asked how you would evaluate or test code.

Where you would use it in the test
  • Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
  • Short answer: Evaluate a solution
  • Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.

Related past questions: 2023 Software Design and Development HSC Q26 (9 marks): Code reading, maintainability and testing; 2023 Software Design and Development HSC Q27 (10 marks): User interface, structure chart, quality assurance

Memorise: Testing and code quality (Year 11)

Version control Term The Object-Oriented Paradigm (Year 11)

A system (such as Git) that records every change to the code with who and when, supports branches and merging and allows rollback, so teams can work together safely.

Example: 'Git history lets the team revert to the last working version.'

Where you would use it in the test
  • Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
  • Multi-select: Collaboration features (sample Q4)
  • Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
  • Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.

Related past questions: Sample exam Q4 (1 mark): Collaboration

Memorise: Object-oriented concepts

Ease of maintenance Term The Object-Oriented Paradigm (Year 11)

How simply code can be corrected or updated later; helped by comments, meaningful names, modular subroutines and version control.

Example: Use it to justify modular code in an evaluate or justify answer.

Where you would use it in the test
  • Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
  • Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
  • Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.

Related past questions: 2023 Software Design and Development HSC Q26 (9 marks): Code reading, maintainability and testing

Memorise: Testing and code quality (Year 11)

Quality assurance Term The Object-Oriented Paradigm (Year 11)

Planned processes that check the software meets quality criteria (functionality, performance, readability, documentation) during development, not just at the end.

Example: 'QA includes code review, testing and standards.'

Where you would use it in the test
  • Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
  • Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
  • Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.

Related past questions: 2023 Software Design and Development HSC Q27 (10 marks): User interface, structure chart, quality assurance

Memorise: Testing and code quality (Year 11)

Mechatronic system Term Programming Mechatronics (Year 11)

A system that combines mechanical engineering, electronics and software control, such as a robot arm, automatic door, drone, 3D printer or cruise control.

Example: 'A robotic arm in a car factory is a mechatronic system.'

Where you would use it in the test
  • Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
  • Short answer: Outline an application of mechatronics
  • Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.

Memorise: Mechatronics: hardware, sensors, actuators, control

Power, battery and material requirements Term Programming Mechatronics (Year 11)

Choosing power supplies and batteries that match each component's voltage and current, and materials suited to the load, weight and environment.

Example: 'A motor that draws 2 A needs a supply that can provide it.'

Where you would use it in the test
  • Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
  • Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
  • Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.

Memorise: Mechatronics: hardware, sensors, actuators, control

Specialist requirements for people with disability Term Programming Mechatronics (Year 11)

Needs that shape design for assistive devices or prosthetics, such as comfort, safety, intuitive control, adjustability and reliability.

Example: 'A prosthetic hand needs an adjustable grip force.'

Where you would use it in the test
  • Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
  • Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.
  • Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.

Memorise: Mechatronics: hardware, sensors, actuators, control

Autonomous control Term Programming Mechatronics (Year 11)

A system that senses, decides and acts without human input, using sensor data and decision algorithms (self-driving car, robot vacuum).

Example: 'Obstacle sensed, so decide to turn, then act.'

Where you would use it in the test
  • Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
  • Short answer: Outline an algorithm used for autonomous control
  • Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.

Memorise: Mechatronics: hardware, sensors, actuators, control

Simulation and prototype Term Programming Mechatronics (Year 11)

A simulation tests the control code on a software model; a prototype is an early physical build. Both reduce cost and risk before the final system.

Example: 'Test the arm algorithm in simulation before building.'

Where you would use it in the test
  • Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
  • Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
  • Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.

Memorise: Mechatronics: hardware, sensors, actuators, control

Secure software Term Secure Software Architecture (Year 12)

Software designed and built to protect data and resist attack, with security considered at every development step; benefits are data protection and fewer cyber attacks and vulnerabilities.

Example: 'Secure software protects customer data and builds trust in the product.'

Where you would use it in the test
  • Short answer: Describe the benefits of developing secure software
  • Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.
  • Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.

Related past questions: 2023 Software Design and Development HSC Q23 (5 marks): Security and authentication

Memorise: Fundamental software development steps for secure code

Data protection Term Secure Software Architecture (Year 12)

Keeping data safe from unauthorised access, change or loss using measures such as encryption, access control and backups.

Example: 'Encrypt stored card numbers to protect data.'

Where you would use it in the test
  • Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
  • Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
  • Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.

Related past questions: 2025 HSC Q10 (1 mark): Regulatory compliance

Memorise: Fundamental software development steps for secure code

Capabilities and experience of end users Term Secure Software Architecture (Year 12)

Users' skills and experience shape secure design: less experienced users need simple, guided and forgiving interfaces (clear prompts, default safe settings), while experts can use advanced options.

Example: 'Novice users need clear warnings before deleting data.'

Where you would use it in the test
  • Short answer: Describe how user experience influences secure design features
  • Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.

Memorise: Fundamental software development steps for secure code

Privacy Term Secure Software Architecture (Year 12)

The right of people to control how their personal information is collected, used and shared.

Example: 'Collect only the data needed.'

Where you would use it in the test
  • Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
  • Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
  • Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.

Related past questions: 2025 HSC Q16c (3 marks): Privacy by design

Memorise: Fundamental software design security concepts (six words)

Security by design Term Secure Software Architecture (Year 12)

Building security into the software from the start of development rather than adding it at the end.

Example: 'Security by design uses cryptography and sandboxing from the first design step.'

Where you would use it in the test
  • Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
  • Short answer: Explain the contribution of cryptography and sandboxing
  • Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.

Related past questions: Familiarisation Q6 (3 marks): Sandboxing; Sample exam Q3 (1 mark): Encryption

Memorise: Cryptography and sandboxing in 'security by design'

Determining vulnerabilities Term Secure Software Architecture (Year 12)

Finding weaknesses before attackers do, using code review, SAST, DAST, vulnerability assessment and penetration testing.

Example: 'Run a vulnerability assessment before release.'

Where you would use it in the test
  • Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
  • Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
  • Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.

Memorise: Test and evaluate security and resilience

Handling breaches Term Secure Software Architecture (Year 12)

Responding to a security incident: detect, contain, investigate, notify those affected, fix the cause and review.

Example: 'Notify users and reset passwords after a breach.'

Where you would use it in the test
  • Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
  • Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.
  • Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.

Memorise: Test and evaluate security and resilience

Application programming interface (API) Term Secure Software Architecture (Year 12)

A set of rules that lets one program request services or data from another, often over HTTP using JSON. A safe API validates input, authenticates callers, limits data returned and uses HTTPS.

Example: 'Return only the fields the client needs.'

Where you would use it in the test
  • Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
  • Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
  • Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.

Related past questions: 2025 HSC Q5 (1 mark): API vulnerabilities

Memorise: Defensive data input handling: validation, sanitisation, error handling

Benefits of collaboration (secure development) Term Secure Software Architecture (Year 12)

Considering various points of view, delegating tasks by expertise and improving the quality of the solution.

Example: 'A security specialist reviews the login code.'

Where you would use it in the test
  • Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
  • Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.
  • Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.

Memorise: Describe the benefits of developing secure software

Benefits to an enterprise of secure development Term Secure Software Architecture (Year 12)

Improved products or services, influence on future software development, improved work practices, productivity and business interactivity.

Example: 'Secure practices reduce rework, so productivity rises.'

Where you would use it in the test
  • Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
  • Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.

Memorise: Describe the benefits of developing secure software

Employment (impact) Term Secure Software Architecture (Year 12)

How software changes jobs: roles removed or created and new skills needed.

Example: 'Automation removes data entry jobs but creates support roles.'

Where you would use it in the test
  • Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
  • Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.

Related past questions: 2025 HSC Q24 (5 marks): Safety of workers (impact of automation)

Memorise: Describe the benefits of developing secure software

Intellectual property Term Secure Software Architecture (Year 12)

Creations of the mind (code, designs, brands) that are legally owned and protected by the creator.

Example: 'Protect the app's source code as IP.'

Where you would use it in the test
  • Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
  • Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
  • Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.

Related past questions: 2022 Software Design and Development HSC Q21 (3 marks): Social, ethical and legal responsibilities

Memorise: Describe the benefits of developing secure software

Digital disruption Term Secure Software Architecture (Year 12)

Change caused when new technology transforms how an industry or society works, often overturning existing businesses.

Example: 'Ride-sharing apps disrupted taxis.'

Where you would use it in the test
  • Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
  • Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
  • Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.

Memorise: Describe the benefits of developing secure software

General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Term Secure Software Architecture (Year 12)

The European Union law on collecting and protecting personal data; it applies to any organisation handling EU residents' data.

Example: 'An Australian site with EU customers must follow GDPR.'

Where you would use it in the test
  • Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
  • Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
  • Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.

Related past questions: 2025 HSC Q10 (1 mark): Regulatory compliance

Memorise: Describe the benefits of developing secure software

Check this one: The syllabus says regulatory compliance without naming laws; GDPR comes from the school notes.

E-commerce Term Programming for the Web (Year 12)

Buying and selling goods or services online, which needs secure payment, accounts, a product database and a shopping cart.

Example: 'Use HTTPS and a payment gateway for e-commerce.'

Where you would use it in the test
  • Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
  • Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
  • Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.

Memorise: Applications of web programming: interactive websites, e-commerce, PWAs

Big data Term Programming for the Web (Year 12)

Very large, fast-changing and varied sets of data that need special storage and processing, such as streaming or social media data.

Example: 'Streaming services handle huge volumes of viewing data.'

Where you would use it in the test
  • Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
  • Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.
  • Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.

Related past questions: 2025 HSC Q18 (3 marks): Big data and web architecture

Memorise: Effect of big data on web architecture: data mining, metadata, streaming

Streaming service management Term Programming for the Web (Year 12)

Managing the delivery of live or on-demand media: buffering, adapting quality to bandwidth, servers and caching near users, and monitoring performance.

Example: 'Lower the video quality when bandwidth drops.'

Where you would use it in the test
  • Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
  • Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.
  • Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.

Related past questions: 2025 HSC Q18 (3 marks): Big data and web architecture

Memorise: Effect of big data on web architecture: data mining, metadata, streaming

Open-source software Term Programming for the Web (Year 12)

Software whose source code is freely available to use, modify and share under a licence, supporting reuse and community improvement.

Example: 'Use an open-source framework to save time.'

Where you would use it in the test
  • Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
  • Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
  • Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.

Memorise: Web development system: front end, back end, databases

Web content management system (CMS) Term Programming for the Web (Year 12)

Software that lets people create and manage website content without coding (WordPress, Drupal). Its prevalence is high because it saves time, but it needs updates and security care.

Example: 'A CMS lets staff edit pages without a developer.'

Where you would use it in the test
  • Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
  • Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
  • Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.

Memorise: Web development system: front end, back end, databases

Contribution of back-end development Term Programming for the Web (Year 12)

The back end drives a web app's success through data storage, business logic, security, performance and reliability.

Example: 'The back end validates payments securely.'

Where you would use it in the test
  • Short answer: Assess the contribution of back-end web development
  • Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.

Related past questions: 2025 HSC Q23b (3 marks): Server-side web programming

Memorise: Web development system: front end, back end, databases

Collaboration of front-end and back-end developers Term Programming for the Web (Year 12)

Sharing agreed interfaces (APIs), version control and regular communication so the two parts fit together and the solution is built faster with fewer errors.

Example: 'Agree the JSON format first.'

Where you would use it in the test
  • Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
  • Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.

Related past questions: 2025 HSC Q23b (3 marks): Server-side web programming

Memorise: Web development system: front end, back end, databases

Machine learning (ML) Term Software Automation (Year 12)

A branch of AI where a program learns patterns from data to make predictions or decisions without being explicitly programmed with fixed rules.

Example: 'A spam filter learns from labelled emails.'

Where you would use it in the test
  • Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
  • Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
  • Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.
  • Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks or dropdown: choose this term to complete a statement or table.

Related past questions: Sample exam Q15 (3 marks): Machine learning in data analysis; Familiarisation Q14 (8 marks): AI and ML in society; privacy

Memorise: AI v ML; ML supporting automation (DevOps, RPA, BPA)

Artificial intelligence (AI) Term Software Automation (Year 12)

The broad field of making computers perform tasks that normally need human intelligence (reasoning, understanding language, recognising images). ML is one way of achieving AI.

Example: 'All ML is AI but not all AI is ML.'

Where you would use it in the test
  • Short answer: Distinguish AI from ML or neural networks (2025 Q25)
  • Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
  • Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.

Related past questions: 2025 HSC Q25 (5 marks): Patterns in human behaviour; neural networks (virtual personal assistant); Familiarisation Q14 (8 marks): AI and ML in society; privacy

Memorise: AI v ML; ML supporting automation (DevOps, RPA, BPA)

Robotic process automation (RPA) Term Software Automation (Year 12)

Software 'bots' that copy the actions a person does on a computer (clicking, typing, copying data) to automate repetitive, rule-based tasks.

Example: 'A bot copies invoice data into the accounting system.'

Where you would use it in the test
  • Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
  • Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
  • Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.

Related past questions: Sample exam Q25 (8 marks): ML, DevOps, RPA, BPA in security

Memorise: AI v ML; ML supporting automation (DevOps, RPA, BPA)

Business process automation (BPA) Term Software Automation (Year 12)

Using software to automate a whole business process or workflow (for example approvals, payroll or order processing) to cut cost and errors.

Example: 'Automatic approval of leave requests.'

Where you would use it in the test
  • Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
  • Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
  • Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.

Related past questions: Sample exam Q25 (8 marks): ML, DevOps, RPA, BPA in security

Memorise: AI v ML; ML supporting automation (DevOps, RPA, BPA)

Data analysis and forecasting Term Software Automation (Year 12)

ML finds trends in past data to predict future values (sales, weather, demand).

Example: 'Forecast next month's electricity demand.'

Where you would use it in the test
  • Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
  • Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.
  • Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.

Related past questions: Sample exam Q15 (3 marks): Machine learning in data analysis

Memorise: Applications of key ML algorithms

Virtual personal assistant Term Software Automation (Year 12)

Software (Siri, Alexa) that uses ML to understand speech or text and do tasks such as set reminders, improving as it learns.

Example: 'A voice assistant learns your accent.'

Where you would use it in the test
  • Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
  • Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.
  • Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.

Memorise: Applications of key ML algorithms

Image recognition Term Software Automation (Year 12)

ML identifying objects, faces or text in images, usually with neural networks trained on many labelled images.

Example: 'Detect faces in photos.'

Where you would use it in the test
  • Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
  • Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.
  • Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.

Memorise: Applications of key ML algorithms

Impact of automation Term Software Automation (Year 12)

Effects on safety of workers, people with disability, the nature and skills required for employment, production efficiency, waste and the environment, and the economy and distribution of wealth.

Example: 2025 Q24 marker note: use the stimulus and give positives and negatives.

Where you would use it in the test
  • Short answer: Discuss the impact of automation on workers (2025 Q24)
  • Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.

Related past questions: 2025 HSC Q24 (5 marks): Safety of workers (impact of automation); Sample exam Q25 (8 marks): ML, DevOps, RPA, BPA in security

Memorise: Impact of automation on individuals, society and the environment

Safety of workers Term Software Automation (Year 12)

Robots take over dangerous tasks (positive) but can cause injury or stress if poorly designed (negative).

Example: 'Robots handle toxic chemicals.'

Where you would use it in the test
  • Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
  • Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.

Related past questions: 2025 HSC Q24 (5 marks): Safety of workers (impact of automation)

Memorise: Impact of automation on individuals, society and the environment

People with disability Term Software Automation (Year 12)

Automation can improve access (voice control, assistive devices) but can also exclude people if not designed accessibly.

Example: 'Voice assistants help people with limited mobility.'

Where you would use it in the test
  • Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
  • Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.

Related past questions: 2025 HSC Q24 (5 marks): Safety of workers (impact of automation)

Memorise: Impact of automation on individuals, society and the environment

Nature and skills of employment Term Software Automation (Year 12)

Jobs change: routine roles shrink; demand grows for design, maintenance and data skills; retraining is needed.

Example: 'Factory workers retrain as robot technicians.'

Where you would use it in the test
  • Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
  • Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.

Related past questions: 2025 HSC Q24 (5 marks): Safety of workers (impact of automation)

Memorise: Impact of automation on individuals, society and the environment

Production efficiency, waste and the environment Term Software Automation (Year 12)

Automation can increase output and reduce waste and errors but uses energy and creates electronic waste.

Example: 'Precision machines reduce material waste.'

Where you would use it in the test
  • Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
  • Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.

Memorise: Impact of automation on individuals, society and the environment

Economy and distribution of wealth Term Software Automation (Year 12)

Automation can lift productivity and profit but may concentrate wealth with owners and cut incomes of displaced workers.

Example: 'Savings go to shareholders while jobs are lost.'

Where you would use it in the test
  • Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
  • Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.

Memorise: Impact of automation on individuals, society and the environment

Patterns in human behaviour Term Software Automation (Year 12)

How people's behaviour affects ML and AI design: psychological responses, patterns related to acute stress response (fight, flight, freeze), cultural protocols and belief systems.

Example: 'An alert system must not overload a person under stress.'

Where you would use it in the test
  • Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
  • Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.
  • Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.

Memorise: Impact of automation on individuals, society and the environment

Dataset source bias Term Software Automation (Year 12)

Unfair results because the training data is unrepresentative or reflects past prejudice.

Example: 'A face detector trained mostly on one group fails on others.'

Where you would use it in the test
  • Short answer: Explain bias in AI (2025 Q27, sample Q23a)
  • Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.
  • Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.

Related past questions: 2025 HSC Q27 (6 marks): Bias in AI (human bias and data set source bias); Sample exam Q23a (3 marks): Bias in machine learning

Memorise: Impact of automation on individuals, society and the environment

Human bias Term Software Automation (Year 12)

Developers' own assumptions or prejudices influence design, data selection or labelling and so the outcomes.

Example: 'Labellers' opinions shape the labels.'

Where you would use it in the test
  • Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
  • Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.
  • Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.

Related past questions: 2025 HSC Q27 (6 marks): Bias in AI (human bias and data set source bias); Sample exam Q23a (3 marks): Bias in machine learning

Memorise: Impact of automation on individuals, society and the environment

Requirements Term The Software Engineering Project (Year 12)

What the solution must do (functionality) and how well (performance), found by analysing the problem.

Example: 'The app must show results within 2 seconds.'

Where you would use it in the test
  • Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
  • Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.
  • Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.

Related past questions: 2022 Software Design and Development HSC Q25 (11 marks): Development approach, implementation, testing, quality of experience

Memorise: Define and analyse the requirements of a problem

Feasibility Term The Software Engineering Project (Year 12)

Whether the project can realistically be done: scheduling (time) and financial (cost) feasibility.

Example: 'Can it be finished by term 4 within budget?'

Where you would use it in the test
  • Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
  • Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
  • Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.

Memorise: Define and analyse the requirements of a problem

Waterfall approach Term The Software Engineering Project (Year 12)

A linear approach where each stage (requirements, design, development, testing, installation, maintenance) is finished before the next starts, like falling water. Advantages: clear structure and documentation. Disadvantages: hard to change, late testing. Suits large, well-defined projects.

Example: 'Fixed requirements and a big government system suit Waterfall.'

Where you would use it in the test

Related past questions: 2025 HSC Q2 (1 mark): Software development approaches

Memorise: Waterfall

Agile approach Term The Software Engineering Project (Year 12)

An iterative approach that builds the software in short cycles (sprints), delivering working versions often and adapting to feedback; method tailoring is allowed. Suits changing requirements and small to medium projects.

Example: 'Release a working feature every two weeks.'

Where you would use it in the test
  • Multiple choice: 2025 Q2 dropdown
  • Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
  • Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.

Related past questions: 2025 HSC Q2 (1 mark): Software development approaches

Memorise: Waterfall

WAgile Term The Software Engineering Project (Year 12)

A hybrid of Waterfall and Agile: for example, Waterfall planning and Agile development. The analysis considers when and how intervention is applied across the life cycle.

Example: 'Fixed budget and scope from Waterfall, Agile sprints for building.'

Where you would use it in the test
  • Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
  • Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
  • Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.

Related past questions: 2025 HSC Q2 (1 mark): Software development approaches

Memorise: Waterfall

Project management Term The Software Engineering Project (Year 12)

Planning, scheduling, tracking and controlling the work, time, people and resources to deliver the project.

Example: 'Use a tool to track tasks and deadlines.'

Where you would use it in the test
  • Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
  • Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.
  • Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.

Memorise: Project management, communication and ethics

Social and ethical issues in project work Term The Software Engineering Project (Year 12)

Issues from working individually, collaboratively and responding to stakeholders: fair workload, respecting people's views, honesty and credit.

Example: 'Give credit for each member's code.'

Where you would use it in the test
  • Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
  • Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.

Memorise: Project management, communication and ethics

Communication issues Term The Software Engineering Project (Year 12)

Involving and empowering the client, enabling feedback and negotiating.

Example: 'Show the client a prototype for feedback.'

Where you would use it in the test
  • Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
  • Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.
  • Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.

Memorise: Project management, communication and ethics

Quality assurance (QA) Term The Software Engineering Project (Year 12)

Defining quality criteria, checking continually that requirements are met, and addressing compliance and legislative requirements.

Example: 'Define criteria such as speed and accuracy.'

Where you would use it in the test
  • Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
  • Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.
  • Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.

Related past questions: 2023 Software Design and Development HSC Q26 (9 marks): Code reading, maintainability and testing

Memorise: Project management, communication and ethics

Back-end engineering contribution Term The Software Engineering Project (Year 12)

Back-end engineering helps success and ease of development through the technology used, error handling, interfacing with the front end and security engineering.

Example: 'A well-defined API makes front-end work easier.'

Where you would use it in the test
  • Short answer: Explain the contribution of back-end engineering
  • Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.

Related past questions: 2025 HSC Q23b (3 marks): Server-side web programming

Memorise: Project management, communication and ethics

Strategies for difficulties Term The Software Engineering Project (Year 12)

Looking for a solution online, collaborating with peers and outsourcing.

Example: 'Ask a classmate or search documentation.'

Where you would use it in the test
  • Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
  • Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.
  • Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.

Memorise: Maintenance, version control, stubs and drivers, optimisation

Feedback Term The Software Engineering Project (Year 12)

Information from users and stakeholders about how the software works, used to improve it.

Example: 'Survey users after the trial.'

Where you would use it in the test
  • Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
  • Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.

Memorise: Quality assurance, testing methods and test data

Feedback report Term The Software Engineering Project (Year 12)

A report that synthesises (combines) feedback from users and testing so improvements can be decided.

Example: 'A summary table of user comments.'

Where you would use it in the test
  • Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
  • Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.

Memorise: Quality assurance, testing methods and test data

Evaluating effectiveness Term The Software Engineering Project (Year 12)

Judging how well the solution meets its requirements using test results, feedback and criteria.

Example: 'Did the solution meet the speed requirement?'

Where you would use it in the test
  • Extended response: Evaluate (extended response)
  • Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.

Memorise: Quality assurance, testing methods and test data

Outline Command word Command Words and Question-type Skills

Sketch in general terms; indicate the main features of.

Example: 'Outline two ways to minimise load time.' Answer: short statement per point, no deep detail.

Where you would use it in the test
  • Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
  • Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.

Related past questions: 2025 HSC Q16b (3 marks): Load times; 2025 HSC Q23a (3 marks): Social and ethical issues

Memorise: NESA key verbs: what each one asks for

Describe Command word Command Words and Question-type Skills

Provide characteristics and features.

Example: 'Describe privacy by design.' Answer: what it is and what it does, with a detail or example.

Where you would use it in the test
  • Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
  • Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.

Related past questions: 2025 HSC Q16c (3 marks): Privacy by design; 2025 HSC Q20 (3 marks): Session management

Memorise: NESA key verbs: what each one asks for

Compare Command word Command Words and Question-type Skills

Show how things are similar or different.

Example: 'Compare a PWA with an interactive website.' Answer: use both/whereas/however; give a similarity and a difference.

Where you would use it in the test
  • Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
  • Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.

Related past questions: 2025 HSC Q16a (3 marks): Progressive web apps

Memorise: NESA key verbs: what each one asks for

Explain Command word Command Words and Question-type Skills

Relate cause and effect; make the relationship between things evident; provide why and/or how.

Example: 'Explain why server-side programming is needed.' Answer: use because, therefore, which means.

Where you would use it in the test
  • Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
  • Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.

Related past questions: 2025 HSC Q23b (3 marks): Server-side web programming; 2025 HSC Q27 (6 marks): Bias in AI (human bias and data set source bias)

Memorise: NESA key verbs: what each one asks for

Discuss Command word Command Words and Question-type Skills

Identify issues and provide points for and/or against.

Example: 'Discuss the impact on workers.' Answer: give a positive AND a negative, then a short conclusion.

Where you would use it in the test
  • Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
  • Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.

Related past questions: 2025 HSC Q24 (5 marks): Safety of workers (impact of automation); 2025 HSC Q25 (5 marks): Patterns in human behaviour; neural networks (virtual personal assistant)

Memorise: NESA key verbs: what each one asks for

Analyse Command word Command Words and Question-type Skills

Identify components and the relationship between them; draw out and relate implications.

Example: 'Analyse the effect of bias.' Answer: break into parts, show how they connect, say what follows.

Where you would use it in the test
  • Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
  • Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.

Related past questions: 2025 HSC Q27 (6 marks): Bias in AI (human bias and data set source bias)

Memorise: NESA key verbs: what each one asks for

Assess Command word Command Words and Question-type Skills

Make a judgement of value, quality, outcomes, results or size.

Example: 'Assess the impact of automation.' Answer: state a judgement, then support it.

Where you would use it in the test
  • Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
  • Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.

Related past questions: Sample exam Q25 (8 marks): ML, DevOps, RPA, BPA in security

Memorise: NESA key verbs: what each one asks for

Evaluate Command word Command Words and Question-type Skills

Make a judgement based on criteria; determine the value of.

Example: 'Evaluate the effectiveness of the solution.' Answer: use criteria (speed, cost, security) and finish with a verdict.

Where you would use it in the test
  • Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
  • Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.

Related past questions: 2023 Software Design and Development HSC Q26 (9 marks): Code reading, maintainability and testing

Memorise: NESA key verbs: what each one asks for

Justify Command word Command Words and Question-type Skills

Support an argument or conclusion.

Example: 'Justify the implementation method.' Answer: decision plus the reason, linked to the scenario.

Where you would use it in the test
  • Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
  • Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.

Related past questions: Sample exam Q5 (1 mark): Implementation methods

Memorise: NESA key verbs: what each one asks for

Critically analyse or evaluate Command word Command Words and Question-type Skills

Add a degree or level of accuracy, depth, knowledge and understanding, logic, questioning, reflection and quality to analysis or evaluation.

Example: Used in extended responses. Answer: deeper reasoning with evidence and a reasoned verdict.

Where you would use it in the test
  • Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.

Memorise: NESA key verbs: what each one asks for

Examine Command word Command Words and Question-type Skills

Inquire into.

Example: 'Examine the social impact.'

Where you would use it in the test
  • Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
  • Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.

Memorise: NESA key verbs: what each one asks for

Investigate Command word Command Words and Question-type Skills

Plan, inquire into and draw conclusions about.

Example: 'Investigate the effect.'

Where you would use it in the test
  • Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
  • Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.

Memorise: NESA key verbs: what each one asks for

Propose Command word Command Words and Question-type Skills

Put forward (for example a point of view, idea, argument, suggestion) for consideration or action.

Example: 'Propose an additional innovative solution.'

Where you would use it in the test
  • Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
  • Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.

Memorise: NESA key verbs: what each one asks for

Recommend Command word Command Words and Question-type Skills

Provide reasons in favour.

Example: 'Recommend an approach.'

Where you would use it in the test
  • Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
  • Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.

Memorise: NESA key verbs: what each one asks for

Synthesise Command word Command Words and Question-type Skills

Putting together various elements to make a whole.

Example: 'Synthesise the feedback.'

Where you would use it in the test
  • Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
  • Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.

Memorise: NESA key verbs: what each one asks for

Extended response (5 to 6 marks) Process Command Words and Question-type Skills

Plan with the command word, give a judgement or explanation supported by named details from the stimulus, use course terms and cover both sides when asked.

Example: 2025 Q25 (5 marks) and Q27 (6 marks).

Where you would use it in the test
  • Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.

Related past questions: 2025 HSC Q25 (5 marks): Patterns in human behaviour; neural networks (virtual personal assistant); 2025 HSC Q27 (6 marks): Bias in AI (human bias and data set source bias)

Memorise: Exam day facts, key verbs and technique

Reading time Process Command Words and Question-type Skills

The 2.5-hour exam includes 10 minutes of reading time. Plan: objective first, then short answer, leave time for the extended responses.

Example: Exam: Tue 27 Oct 2026, 9:50 am (Sydney time), 80 marks, online.

Where you would use it in the test
  • Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
  • Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
  • Extended response: Extended response (5 to 8 marks): use it as a supporting point linked to the stimulus.

Memorise: Exam day facts, key verbs and technique