1: Identifies the correct answer.

Pilot

1: Identifies the correct item from each dropdown.

Dropdown 1: Waterfall. Dropdown 2: Agile.

1: Identifies the correct answer.

Supervised learning

1: Identifies the correct answer.

Language-dependent code optimisation

1: Identifies the correct answer.

Exposure of more data than intended

1: Identifies the correct answer.

Ensuring that parties exchanging information are who they claim to be

1: Identifies the correct answer.

Blue background, white text, border around the heading

1: Identifies the correct answer.

Race conditions

1: Correctly matches each characteristic to the appropriate approach.

(1) ORM only. (2) Both ORM and SQL. (3) ORM only.

1: Identifies ALL the items that are the goals of regulatory compliance.

Protecting sensitive data from unauthorised access; Ensuring software applications meet legal and industry standards.

1: Identifies ALL the items that are key principles of DevOps.

Rapid feedback; Automation of repetitive tasks; Collaboration and shared ownership.

2: True or false correct for all SIX check boxes. 1: Correct for FOUR of the six.

True: spam, two-party election outcome, university admission (all yes/no classification). False: house prices, height v weight, spread rate (continuous values: linear/polynomial regression).

2: Correctly identifies the timing and source code access for each strategy. 1: Correct for ONE strategy, OR correct timing for each strategy.

1: Identifies the correct item from each dropdown.

3: ALL dropdowns correct. 2: FIVE correct. 1: THREE correct.

3: Outlines TWO relevant software debugging tools. 2: Outlines ONE tool, OR identifies TWO tools. 1: Some relevant information.

Breakpoints can be added to specific lines of code to halt program execution, allowing the programmer to check the value of specific variables or to step through the program line by line. Debugging output statements can be added to the code to indicate that a certain section of code has been reached or to show the contents of a variable.

3: Compares the use of a PWA with an interactive website for the weather app. 2: Outlines features of a PWA and/or interactive website. 1: Identifies a feature of a PWA or an interactive website.

Both PWAs and interactive websites are platform-independent, allowing users to access the app on any device with a browser. PWAs can pre-cache updates to enable offline updates when a stable internet connection is not available but may not provide real time updates for the most recent changes to weather or warnings. Meanwhile, interactive websites require a constant internet connection to provide any updates.

3: Outlines TWO ways, other than a PWA, to minimise load time. 2: Outlines ONE way, OR identifies TWO ways. 1: Some relevant information.

One way would be to provide the option to select lower resolution images or text only display. Another way would be to utilise caching as this would provide high speed access to commonly requested weather data.

3: Describes ONE way privacy by design could be implemented in the weather app. 2: Outlines ONE feature of privacy by design. 1: Identifies a feature of privacy by design.

Embedded within the design of the weather app would be a process for regularly deleting identifiable data. For example, the app would likely record a person's live location to deliver relevant weather details. The privacy by design approach would incorporate a regular process to delete these locations from cache.

3: Substantially correct pseudocode algorithm. 2: Addresses some aspects of the problem. 1: Some understanding of the problem or pseudocode.

BEGIN RiskRating Total = 0 index = 0 REPEAT Total = Total + Risks[index] index = index + 1 UNTIL index = 10 IF Total > 35 THEN Rating = "High" ELSE IF Total < 20 THEN Rating = "Low" ELSE Rating = "Medium" ENDIF ENDIF Display Rating END RiskRating (NESA also accepts a CASEWHERE version: CASEWHERE Total is > 35: Rating = "High" < 20: Rating = "Low" OTHERWISE: Rating = "Medium" END CASE; and an IF / ELSEIF / ELSE version.)

3: Explains how metadata and data mining can be used to prevent technical difficulties during the broadcast. 2: Outlines how metadata AND/OR data mining can be used. 1: Identifies a feature of metadata or data mining.

Metadata describes the content, structure and meaning of raw data, enabling more effective, accurate and efficient data mining. Data mining identifies user preferences and viewing patterns from large datasets, helping streaming services personalise recommendations and identify times of predicted high demand. Streaming service management uses this along with real-time user data to balance server loads and deliver smooth playback experiences.

3: Correct code for the problem. 2: Partially correct code that includes a correct selection structure OR password creation. 1: Some understanding of the scenario and Python.

uName = input('What is your username?') password = input('What is your password?') passwordP1 = uName[:3] passwordP1= passwordP1 + '123' if passwordP1 == password: print ('Welcome!') else: print ('Incorrect password entered')

3: Describes how session management can affect code execution efficiency. 2: Identifies some features of session management. 1: Some relevant information.

Efficient session management limits memory consumption by restricting session data size and lifetime. Excessive reading, writing or storing large objects increases input/output operations and slows code execution for the user. Removing sessions when they are no longer required is essential to prevent unnecessary resource consumption.

4: Correct SQL query that extracts 'Pending' and 'Escalated' jobs for the 'Software' and 'Hardware' categories, counts the jobs for each status in each category, and outputs results in descending order. 3: Addresses most requirements. 2: Some understanding of the problem. 1: Some understanding of SQL or the problem.

SELECT Category, Status, COUNT(JobID) AS Jobs FROM Issues WHERE (Status = 'Pending' OR Status = 'Escalated') GROUP BY Status, Category ORDER BY Jobs DESC

3: Correct class diagram that shows inheritance and removes redundant attributes from each class. 2: Some understanding of the problem. 1: Some relevant information.

3: Outlines relevant social and ethical issues. 2: Outlines ONE social or ethical issue OR identifies relevant issues. 1: Identifies ONE relevant issue.

The website will need to ensure payment and address data is appropriately secured and accessible only to authorised personnel. It also needs to ensure that pages can be viewed in a wide variety of languages and that the information about dishes displayed is accurate and representative of the product.

3: Explains why server-side web programming is needed, with examples from the scenario. 2: Outlines some features, with examples. 1: Identifies a feature and/or relevant examples.

Server-side development will need to be used to provide dynamic information to the front-end (website). There are many dynamic aspects to the website, including the menu which changes along with subscription information and order tracking information. Server-side scripting will need to be written to read the relevant information from storage (most likely, a database) and then provide this information to the front-end.

3: ALL items correct. 2: THREE items correct. 1: ONE item correct.

5: Comprehensive discussion of the impact on workers with reference to the scenario. 4: Outlines both positive AND negative ways. 3: Outlines some ways. 2: Outlines ONE way OR identifies some ways. 1: Some relevant information.

The AI monitoring system can improve safety on site by reducing human error through real-time alerts and remote monitoring. It can also help supervisors track workers' compliance with PPE requirements and identify risky behaviours, potentially preventing accidents. However, some workers might feel their privacy is invaded, especially if the wearables continue monitoring during breaks or in private areas like bathrooms. There's also a risk of the system misidentifying safe behaviour as unsafe, leading to unnecessary alerts or stress which could cause distractions at critical times. Additionally, the long-term data collection could be used to improve training, but workers may worry about how the data is stored or used.

5: Explains how the neural network supports the VPA AND includes one positive AND one negative impact. 4: Explains how the NN supports the VPA OR outlines how it supports the VPA and includes one positive AND one negative impact. 3: Outlines features of a neural network AND/OR impacts. 2: Outlines a feature of a neural network OR an impact, OR identifies features/impacts. 1: Some relevant information.

Neural networks recognise natural language patterns to categorise common support queries, such as lost luggage, and use nodes to assist with processing. They assess language tone to gauge frustration or urgency, allowing the virtual personal assistant to recommend specific phrasing for customer service staff. For instance, calming language may be suggested for distressed customers. By tracking customer ratings and turnaround times, the neural network uses weightings to refine recommendations to prioritise high-frequency queries or improve suggestions for poorly rated interactions. While this system streamlines support processes and improves response accuracy, it may also impact the role of customer service staff. As the neural network learns from interactions, staff may rely more on its recommendations, potentially reducing their familiarity with emerging query trends or response strategies. Customers may come to expect faster, more precise service, raising the standard for human interactions.

5: Correct Python program that creates a list of unique randomly generated numbers; processes the list correctly; uses selection and looping structures; provides correctly formatted output; uses inbuilt Python functions. 4: Substantially correct, most requirements. 3: Some requirements. 2: One requirement. 1: Some understanding of the problem.

import random

randList = [] for x in range(15): nextInt = random.randint(1,25) while nextInt in randList: nextInt = random.randint(1,25) randList.append(nextInt)

pos = 0 while pos < 25: if pos in randList: print ("| X", end=" ") else: print ("| ", end=" ") pos = pos + 1 if (pos % 5 == 0): print("| \n")

6: Explains how human bias could affect the usefulness of AI solutions AND supports with reference to the video. 5: Describes how, and refers to a scenario(s) in the video. 4: Outlines how human bias could affect AI solutions and refers to the video. 2-3: Identifies some sources/examples of human bias AND/OR effects on AI AND/OR outlines how AI learns. 1: Some relevant information.

AI develops its ability by analysing vast amounts of data. The quality of these data can be influenced by human bias, and in turn, affect the usefulness of AI solutions.

Human bias may be explicit or implicit. Explicit biases are intentional. For example, a researcher may favour male physicists and only collect pictures of male physicists for training an AI solution, as shown in the video. Implicit biases operate unconsciously and may be shaped by social and cultural factors. Whether the bias was explicit or implicit, the choice of male physicists would suggest to the AI solution that physicists are male.

Human bias can occur in various stages of the development of AI solutions. As shown in the photo library example, training data needs to be diverse and representative, otherwise AI solutions may produce inaccurate or unhelpful responses. The process of labelling training data may also introduce biases as people may have different interpretations of the same data. The video shows that if most people draw shoes in particular ways, certain types of shoes will not be recognised as a shoe.

1: Identifies the correct answer.

Documenting the needs and constraints of the software

1: Identifies the correct answer.

A protocol for email transmission

1: Identifies the correct answer.

Implement data encryption

1: Correctly identifies the benefits.

Different points of view can be considered. Tasks can be delegated to those with expertise.

1: Correctly matches the implementation methods.

(i) Direct. (ii) Phased. (iii) Parallel. (iv) Pilot.

1: Identifies the correct answer.

Popularity of the framework on social media

1: Identifies the correct answer.

0 TO n−1

2: Correctly classifies all the strategies. 1: Correctly classifies THREE strategies, which must include ONE SAST and ONE DAST.

SAST: (2) and (5). DAST: (1), (3) and (4).

2: Correctly orders the steps. 1: Correctly orders the WHILE and ENDWHILE steps.

Set number = random integer between 0 and 100 WHILE guess <> number Display "Guess a number between 0 and 100:" Get guess ENDWHILE Display "Well Done"

2: Correctly identifies all the items that are true. 1: Identifies true or false correctly for THREE of the five check boxes.

3: Test data that thoroughly tests the algorithm, with expected outputs and reasons. 2: Tests most of the boundaries and paths, with relevant outputs and reasons. 1: Some relevant information.

1024 -> Desktop (boundary check). 768 -> Tablet (boundary check). 100 -> Phone (below lowest screen size check). 850 -> Tablet (between Tablet and Desktop). 2000 -> Desktop (above highest screen size check).

3: Explains how a developer could test a website for cross-platform compatibility. 2: Outlines how, OR identifies strategies. 1: Some relevant information.

A web developer can use browser developer tools. These tools, built into most modern browsers, allow developers to simulate how their website looks and behaves on different devices and screen sizes. By using these tools, developers can identify and fix any issues related to cross-platform compatibility, ensuring that the website works well across a variety of devices and browsers.

3: Explains how load time can be improved using a PWA. 2: Outlines some features of a PWA and/or issues affecting load time. 1: Some relevant information.

A progressive web app (PWA) can improve load times by pre-caching important resources, allowing files such as image-gallery.js and video-gallery.js to be loaded into memory or cache while the rest of the page loads. PWAs also use service workers to cache resources, ensuring faster load times on repeat visits and offline functionality. Background synchronisation and background fetching can update content in the background, so users see the latest information without slowing down the initial load.

3: Describes the function of protocols in the transfer of data, with reference to a specific web protocol. 2: Describes the function OR provides an example of a web protocol and its use. 1: Some relevant information.

Protocols are important in data transfer as they establish rules for communication between devices connected to a network, such as the internet. HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) enables browsers to request web content from servers, which respond with the requested data. The protocol defines the structure of requests and the response so that data transfer can occur.

3: Substantially correct pseudocode that includes at least ONE subroutine. 2: Addresses some of the requirements. 1: Some understanding of the problem.

BEGIN main Get num_pizzas total_cost = 0 FOR i = 1 TO num_pizzas Get pizza_size Get num_toppings cost_per_pizza = calculate_pizza_cost(pizza_size, num_toppings) DISPLAY cost_per_pizza total_cost = total_cost + cost_per_pizza NEXT i DISPLAY total_cost END main

BEGIN calculate_pizza_cost(size, num_toppings) base_price = 10 topping_price = 1.5 IF size = "Medium" THEN base_price = base_price + 2 ELSEIF size = "Large" THEN base_price = base_price + 4 ENDIF pizza_cost = base_price + num_toppings * topping_price RETURN pizza_cost END calculate_pizza_cost

3: Describes how ML algorithms can be used in data analysis. 2: Outlines some features of ML algorithms relevant to data analysis. 1: Some relevant information.

Machine learning algorithms can be trained with a subset of the data to automatically identify patterns and trends within large datasets. The algorithms can handle complex relationships and nonlinearities present in the data allowing for efficient and comprehensive analysis. Machine learning can also be used for predictions and forecasting. These models can learn from new data over time, continuously improving their analysis and predictive accuracy and performance.

2: Outlines TWO benefits. 1: Some relevant information.

It can provide the same look and feel across the company's websites for consistency and ease of use. Separate html and CSS code can allow developers to work independently on files.

3: Correct SQL query. 2: Addresses some of the requirements. 1: Some understanding of SQL.

SELECT Products.Name AS 'Product', Suppliers.Name AS 'Supplier' FROM Products, Suppliers WHERE Products.SupplierID = Suppliers.SupplierID AND Products.Producer = 'Yumtreats' AND Products.Mass >= 50 ORDER BY Products.Name DESC

3: Explains how defensive data input handling practices can be implemented for the website. 2: Outlines some features of data input handling practices. 1: Some relevant information.

Data sanitisation using client-side scripting can clean the data and remove dangerous input. Input validation on the client-side can check that entered data meets all of the requirements before getting processed by the server. Errors generated by data not meeting rules can be shown to the user.

3: Correct function in Python to check whether a username satisfies the rules. 2: Partially correct function. 1: Some understanding of the problem and Python.

def validate_username(username): valid = True

 # length check
 if len(username) < 8:
      valid = False
 elif (not username[0].isupper()):
      valid = False
 elif (not username[-2].islower()):
      valid = False
 elif (not username[-1].isdigit()):
      valid = False

 return valid

4: Explains how authentication AND authorisation could be applied. 3: Explains how authentication OR authorisation could be applied, OR outlines how both could be applied. 2: Outlines some features of authentication and/or authorisation. 1: Some relevant information.

Authentication ensures that only staff and students with valid usernames and passwords, which should be encrypted in storage (eg using hashing), can access the app. Authorisation controls access to specific features of the app based on user roles or groups. Teachers may have permissions to upload, assign and track homework, while students can only download tasks and upload completed work. By organising users into specific roles or groups, the app restricts access to appropriate functionality, ensuring that each user can only perform actions relevant to their role or group.

1: Correctly determines the outcomes.

3: Draws a correctly simplified decision tree. 2: Simplified tree with most of the logic. 1: Some understanding of the requirement.

1: Identifies the correct answer.

Timetable[0][2] (day index 0 = Monday, period index 2 = Period 3).

5: Substantially correct Python program that places each subject in the correct period; displays all 5 days; provides appropriate subroutines; programmatically builds the timetable. 4: Most requirements. 3: Some requirements. 2: One requirement. 1: Some understanding.

subjects = ["English", "Software", "Drama", "Science", "Art"] NUM_DAYS = 5 NUM_PERIODS = 5 DAYS_OF_WEEK = ["Monday", "Tuesday", "Wednesday", "Thursday", "Friday"]

def create_timetable(subjects): timetable = [] for day in range(NUM_DAYS): periods = [] for period in range(NUM_PERIODS): periods.append(subjects[(period - day) % NUM_PERIODS]) timetable.append(periods) return timetable

def print_timetable(timetable): print() for day in range(NUM_DAYS): print(f"{DAYS_OF_WEEK[day]}") for period in range(NUM_PERIODS): print(f"\tPeriod {period+1}: {timetable[day][period]}") print()

timetable = create_timetable(subjects) print_timetable(timetable)

2: Correctly completes the SQL query. 1: Correctly selects at least TWO correct options.

SELECT Level, COUNT(StudentID) FROM Students GROUP BY Level;

3: Provides an example of when a race condition may occur AND outlines how secure code could prevent it. 2: Outlines some features of race conditions. 1: Some relevant information.

With multiple teachers potentially accessing the database at the same time, race conditions can allow malicious users to gain unauthorised access. Authentication could be used to restrict access to the database, and code can be written to use atomic transactions and database locks to time the reading and writing of data.

3: Shows thorough understanding of how the effects of human bias on training can be minimised. 2: Outlines some effects of human bias on ML OR features of training. 1: Some relevant information.

Training data is initially selected by humans, who may unintentionally introduce their own biases. To minimise this, ensure that training data is representative of the problem the ML model will address. Reviewing data by individuals from diverse backgrounds could identify and reduce potential biases, ensuring fairer and accurate model performance.

3: Compares linear regression and KNN. 2: Outlines features of one or both. 1: Some relevant information.

Linear regression and K-nearest neighbours (KNN) are both supervised learning algorithms that make predictions from labelled data. The key difference is how they handle data: linear regression assumes a linear relationship between input features and the target variable, while KNN makes predictions based on the closest 'K' training examples, allowing it to handle more complex, non-linear patterns. However, KNN can be more computationally expensive than linear regression and is usually slower.

4: Substantially correct class diagram with suitable classes, attributes and methods, showing inheritance, relationships and multiplicity. 3: Represents most features. 2: Some features. 1: Some understanding of the scenario.

8: Discusses the proposal with reference to ML in DevOps, RPA and BPA from the slideshow. 6-7: Outlines advantages AND disadvantages with reference to at least TWO of these areas. 4-5: Outlines some advantages and/or disadvantages with reference to ML in DevOps and/or RPA and/or BPA. 2-3: Some understanding of the features of the proposal. 1: Some relevant information.

QuidantCon's proposal for the company suggests leveraging machine learning (ML) and automation to bolster security measures. One key benefit is the automation of security testing and vulnerability scanning, facilitated by integrating ML-powered tools into the DevOps pipeline. This approach ensures continuous security testing and provides rapid feedback to developers, allowing for early detection of security issues and reducing the risk of vulnerabilities being exploited. The frequent and automated testing improves the overall security position and enhances compliance with industry standards. Additionally, ML algorithms can analyse vast amounts of data to detect patterns and anomalies, which is crucial for proactive threat identification. This capability enables the company to identify security risks proactively, learn from past incidents, and predict future attacks, thereby enhancing their overall security measures.

QuidantCon's proposal for the company also raises some concerns. One key issue is the need for high-quality data for ML algorithms to work effectively. If the data is inconsistent or incomplete, the ML models may not perform well, leading to false positives or missed threats. Another concern is the complexity of implementing ML solutions, which can be challenging and may require specialised skills and training. This complexity could result in integration challenges, higher costs, and delays. Additionally, ML systems can be biased, potentially affecting security decisions. Security and privacy are also critical, as handling sensitive data requires protection against unauthorised access and breaches. These concerns emphasise the need for a careful and balanced approach when considering ML and automation in security practices.

1: Correctly orders the steps.

3: Correctly selects ALL options. 2: At least FIVE options correct. 1: At least TWO options correct.

2: Correctly matches the features to the relevant protocols. 1: At least TWO features correct.

2: Correctly identifies all the true items. 1: True/false correct for at least FIVE check boxes.

3: Test data that thoroughly tests the algorithm, with expected outputs and reasons for inclusion. 2: Tests most boundaries and/or paths, with most expected outputs and reasons. 1: Some relevant information.

85 -> H (testing greater than 80). 80 -> H (boundary value 80). 60 -> P (between 50 and 80). 50 -> P (boundary value 50). 45 -> N (testing 'otherwise', below 50).

3: Thorough discussion of the use of sandboxing in the operating system. 2: Some understanding of the advantages and/or disadvantages. 1: Identifies a feature of sandboxing.

Sandboxing allows each application to be isolated so that it cannot pose a security risk by accessing system resources or other applications. However, it requires more resources as each application requires its own container. It may also be less convenient for users to access resources such as the device's camera or files as the sandbox will either prevent access or make it more difficult.

1: Correctly determines the outcomes.

3: Correctly simplified decision tree. 2: Simplified tree with most of the logic. 1: Some understanding of the requirement.

3: Correctly modifies the algorithm to achieve its intended purpose. 2: Corrects some mistakes. 1: Some understanding of the problem.

BEGIN Search (SearchItem) Set LastIndex to the number of elements in ItemArray Found = FALSE Index = 1 WHILE Found = FALSE AND Index < LastIndex + 1 IF ItemArray(Index) = SearchItem THEN Found = TRUE ENDIF Index = Index + 1 ENDWHILE IF Found = TRUE THEN Display 'Position', Index - 1 ELSE Display 'Not found' ENDIF END Search

3: UI suitable for users to register an account, with features labelled. 2: UI with some relevant features. 1: Some understanding of the problem.

3: Correct function in Python that checks whether a username satisfies the rules. 2: Partially correct function. 1: Some understanding of the problem and Python.

def validateUsername(username):

  # Length check
  if len(username) > 8:
      return False

  # Alpha character only check
  elif username.isalpha() == False:
      return False

  # < character check
  elif "<" in username:
      return False

  # If we reach here then the username meets the requirements
  return True

4: Explains how the load time of the web page can be improved. 3: Outlines how some issues affecting load time can be resolved. 2: Identifies issues affecting load time OR outlines how to resolve ONE. 1: Some relevant information.

The images can be resized to 640 x 480 beforehand so that the webpage does not need to load the large 4000 x 3000 images. The multiple CSS style sheets could be converted into a single .css file, reducing the number of HTTP requests the browser needs to send. If the "image-gallery.js" JavaScript file at the top of the source code loads slowly, it can be moved to the bottom just above so that it will not block the rest of the page from loading.

1: Identifies the correct answer.

Cross site scripting

2: Explains ONE way to minimise the vulnerability. 1: Some relevant information.

The website could check and change user input so that markup and script become plain text. This will still allow the page to display the information but will prevent it from executing script code.

2: Correct output for the SQL query, including the correct ordering of the rows. 1: Some relevant information.

ProductName / ProductPrice: Discovery 1 & 2 (DVD) 26.98; The Plant (DVD) 28.00

3: Correct SQL query. 2: Substantially correct query with at least TWO of: renaming the columns; selecting the three tables; joining the tables. 1: Some understanding of renaming the columns or joining the tables.

SELECT Customers.CustName as 'Customer', Products.ProductName as 'Product', Orders.OrderQuantity as 'Quantity' FROM Products, Customers, Orders WHERE Orders.ProductID = Products.ProductID AND Orders.CustID = Customers.CustID ORDER BY Orders.OrderID ASC

6: Substantially correct solution with ALL of: looping correctly; referring to the contents of the data structure correctly; displaying the player's scores and corresponding points as shown; calculating the total points; taking bonus points into account; handling the final round correctly. 5: Most features. 3-4: Some features. 2: One feature. 1: Some understanding.

Input code

scores = [3,5,5,2,1,4,0,1,4,5]

Display the scores and points

Header row

print("Round\tScore\tPoints") totalPoints = 0

Calculate the points and print

for i in range(len(scores)): roundNumber = i + 1 score = scores[i] points = score

# Check if any bonuses apply and NOT the final round
if points == 5 and i != 9:
    # Add the points from the next round as bonus points
    points += scores[i + 1]

# Check if the final round bonus applies
if points == 5 and i == 9:
    # Give the bonus points of 10
    points = 10

# Add to the total points tally
totalPoints += points

# Print the results
print(str(roundNumber) + "\t" + str(score) + "\t" + str(points))

print("\nTOTAL POINTS: " + str(totalPoints))

8: Informed judgement about the use of AI in our society, comprehensive understanding of its use and effects, supported by information from the slideshow. 6-7: Broad understanding of the use of AI and its advantages and disadvantages, with some slideshow information. 4-5: Sound understanding; outlines some advantages and/or disadvantages. 2-3: Some understanding of AI. 1: Some relevant information.

[Question 22] Criteria | Marks • Explains why live test data is useful in testing this system | 3 • Shows some understanding of live testing | 2 • Identifies a feature of testing | 1

Sample answer: Live testing gives confidence that the new system will perform as expected when used in the company’s environment. Specifically, it tests using a large number of typical queries, possible keywords and customers, by making use of real queries. Because live testing also involves volume testing, it will ensure the system can cope with the anticipated number and transaction mix of customer query topics in an appropriate response time.

[Question 24] Criteria | Marks • Outlines TWO ways in which a log book can assist development | 3 • Outlines ONE way in which a log book can assist development | 2 • Identifies a feature of a log book | 1

Sample answer: A log book details what a programmer is up, allowing others to take over if that programmer leaves the project. The log book can be used to allow current or future developers to look back on the progress of the development, allowing them to see reasons for various actions that were taken.

[Question 25 (a)] Criteria | Marks • Describes ONE relevant social or ethical issue | 2 • Demonstrates a basic understanding of a social or ethical issue | 1 Criteria | Marks • Outlines an appropriate installation method relevant to this app | 2 • Identifies an installation method | 1 Criteria | Marks • Justifies an appropriate software development approach for this app | 3 • Describes a software development approach | 2 • Demonstrates a basic understanding of software development | 1 Criteria | Marks • Describes ONE performance issue and ONE compatibility issue relevant to this app • Outlines ONE performance issue and ONE compatibility issue relevant to this app • Outlines a performance or compatibility issue OR | 2 • Identifies performance and/or compatibility issues • Provides some relevant information | 1

Sample answer: Privacy As the conversations are transmitted and possibly stored for processing, concerns may arise regarding the security of private conversations.

[Question 25 (b)] Sample answer: Direct cutover: each individual gets the complete system as soon as they purchase the application.

[Question 25 (c)] Sample answer: Agile This approach enables the development of this application relatively quickly in a possibly competitive environment. The agile approach means the system can be offered initially with two or three languages and limited functionality, but with updates offered after a short period of time to progressively include more languages and more features in response to feedback.

[Question 25 (d)] Sample answer: Compatibility: The application must execute consistently between different mobile phones, operating systems and networks. This means that the system must be tested using a wide range of environments. Performance: Processing times must allow normal conversations to proceed without delays. Some language translations do not lend themselves to word for word conversions, meaning longer processing times are required. The application must load quickly to minimise frustration.

[Question 26] Criteria | Marks • Provides a substantially correct algorithm that includes the following features: – Generates a valid random integer – Enters guess – Checks guess and displays message – Loops correctly – Exits loop appropriately – Deals with 10 incorrect guesses appropriately • Provides an algorithm that addresses most of the features | 3 • Provides an algorithm that addresses some features | 2 • Shows some understanding of the problem | 1

Sample answer: BEGIN GuessMyNumber NumGuesses = 0 Done = FALSE Num = RandomNumber WHILE Done = FALSE and NumGuesses < 10 Input YourGuess NumGuesses = NumGuesses + 1 IF YourGuess = Num THEN Display “Correct!” Done = TRUE ELSE IF YourGuess > Num THEN Display “Too High!” ELSE Display “Too Low!” ENDIF ENDIF ENDWHILE IF Done = FALSE THEN Display Num , “Sorry, too many guesses” ENDIF END GuessMyNumber

[Question 28 (a)] Criteria | Marks • Provides a substantially correct desk check, indicating a never-ending loop • Provides a partially correct desk check | 2 • Shows some understanding of desk checking | 1 Criteria | Marks • Correctly modifies both lines | 2 • Demonstrates some understanding of the problem | 1

Sample answer: Low | High | Found | SearchItem | Index | List(index) | Output 1 | 7 | FALSE | 42 | 4 | 44 Does not end

[Question 28 (b)] Sample answer: Line 12 | high = index –1 Line 14 | low = index +1

[Question 29] Criteria | Marks • Identifies the flag and explains how using it helps the efficiency of the algorithm • Identifies the flag and shows some understanding of its effect on the algorithm • Shows some understanding of flags OR the logic of the algorithm | 1

Sample answer: The variable Found is used as the flag. This is set to False until the String is located. The efficiency is improved by allowing the WHILE loop to be exited as soon as String is located, thus not requiring any further searching, reducing processing time.

[Question 30] Criteria | Marks • Provides a substantially correct algorithm that includes the following features: – Looks for a match in the description | 4 – Checks the required number of characters – Uses the library routines appropriately • Provides an algorithm that addresses most of the features | 3 • Provides an algorithm that attempts to address some features | 2 • Shows some understanding of the problem | 1

Sample answer: BEGIN IsMatch (string, BigString ) Located = FALSE NumToCheck = length (BigString) – length (string) + 1 FOR j = 1 to NumToCheck Check = extract (BigString, j, length (string)) IF Check = string THEN Located = TRUE ENDIF NEXT j RETURN Located END IsMatch

[Question 21] Criteria | Marks • Describes TWO responsibilities of software developers | 3 • Describes ONE responsibility of software developers OR | 2 • Outlines TWO responsibilities • Demonstrates some understanding of software developers’ responsibilities

Sample answer: Intellectual property – appropriate acknowledgement of intellectual property means that a developer cannot use copied code fragments without first contacting the author, asking their permission and acknowledging the authorship visibly in their product. Response to user issues – a developer should respond appropriately and promptly, possibly by amending code.

[Question 22 (a)] Criteria | Marks • Explains the need for maintenance in the software development cycle | 3 • Describes the need for maintenance in the software development cycle | 2 • Provides some relevant information | 1 Criteria | Marks • Explains TWO other ways of writing easily maintainable code | 3 • Explains ONE other way of writing easily maintainable code OR | 2 • Outlines TWO other ways • Demonstrates some understanding of maintenance | 1

Sample answer: Maintenance is needed if user requirements change, requiring new functionality in the code. Poor interface design will require relevant modules to be updated. Changes to the data may require extra fields to be defined and used in the code.

[Question 22 (b)] Sample answer: By using one logical task in a single module, it is easier to identify the module that needs to be updated. By inserting blank lines between modules, the source code becomes easier to read and understand.

[Question 25 (a)] Criteria | Marks • Recommends a suitable development approach for this study app with appropriate justification • Outlines a development approach for the study app with some justification | 2 • Outlines a development approach | 1 Criteria | Marks • Describes ONE benefit of the pilot method of installation for this app | 2 • Shows some understanding of the pilot method of installation | 1 Criteria | Marks • Outlines TWO reasons for system testing of this app | 3 • Identifies TWO reasons for system testing OR | 2 • Outlines ONE reason • Shows some understanding of system testing | 1 Criteria | Marks • Provides an explanation of two factors outside the developers’ control which can affect a user’s experience with this app • Explains ONE factor that can affect a user’s experience OR identifies TWO factors • Demonstrates some understanding of a user’s experience | 1

Sample answer: An agile approach will allow improved versions of the app to be available to students in a short time frame. Agile allows for quick delivery of updates of the app, based on feedback from students.

[Question 25 (b)] Sample answer: The software developer could select a small group of students to use the study app and test its functionality and identify any problems, minimising the chance of the released product having errors.

[Question 25 (c)] Sample answer: System testing will enable the study app to be tested in a range of operating systems and user hardware likely to be used by students. It can also be tested more fully by using load testing, with a high transaction rate.

[Question 25 (d)] Sample answer: The quality of a user’s experience could be affected by potential problems with the display on different devices, such as screen size, which could lead to poor legibility or excessive scrolling on small screens. Incompatibility with other software installed on the user’s device could affect the quality of a user’s experience, eg the HSC app may crash.

[Question 27 (a)] Criteria | Marks • Creates a substantially correct IPO diagram, with details for all processes (authentication, purchase, EFT) • Creates a partially correct IPO diagram, with details for most processes | 3 • Demonstrates reasonable understanding of an IPO diagram with at least one process addressed • Demonstrates some understanding of an IPO diagram | 1 Criteria | Marks • Provides an appropriate data structure, with fields, data types and sizes required to complete the specified processing • Provides a substantially correct data structure | 2 • Demonstrates some understanding of an appropriate data structure | 1 Criteria | Marks • Describes the project manager’s use of a Gantt chart throughout the development of this system, with reference to time and skills • Shows some understanding of how a project manager can use a Gantt chart • Provides some relevant information | 1

Sample answer: Input | Process | Output CustomerId | Use CustomerId to retrieve Customer Record | “No such Customer” Password | Check entered password matches stored | “Incorrect Password” Customer File | password ItemNumber | For each item Quantity | Use ItemNumber to retrieve Item record from | Display Item.Name, Item File | Item File | Item.Cost Cost = Item.Cost * Quantity TotalCost = TotalCost + Cost IF TotalCost + Customer.PurchasesToDate > 100 THEN TotalCost = TotalCost ´ 0.9 Add TotalCost to Customer.PurchasesToDate Rewrite Customer Record | Updated customer file Display TotalCost TotalCost | Transfer TotalCost from customer account to | Updated accounts restaurant account

[Question 27 (b)] Sample answer: A record to be stored in the Customer File with at least the following fields: Customer Id | Text | 6 characters Password | Text | 20 characters Total Purchases to date | Real | 4 bytes BSB | Text | 6 characters AccountNum | Text | 9 characters

[Question 27 (c)] Sample answer: Using a Gantt chart, the project manager needs to identify each required task (such as authentication, customer input of food choice), allocate a time frame for each and identify the order and linkages / dependencies between the tasks. The project manager allocates team members to tasks that meet their skills, while not allocating overlapping tasks to the same team member. The project manager can use the Gantt charts to monitor progress, extending individual task time frames and reallocating team members as required.

[Question 28 (a)] Criteria | Marks • Completes a substantially correct desk check | 3 • Completes a partially correct desk check | 2 • Shows some understanding of desk checking this algorithm | 1 Criteria | Marks • Correctly identifies two errors and changes the code | 3 • Identifies two errors or corrects one error | 2 • Show some understanding of the algorithm | 1

Sample answer: phrase | Len | NewPhrase | done | output dddg dddgX | 5 | "" | F d ddgX | 3 dgX | T gX | F dg T X | F dgX Error message? At this point the algorithm is trying to compare X with a character that doesn’t exist.

[Question 28 (b)] Sample answer: Line 16 becomes UNTIL Len < = 1. Swap lines 17 and 18.

[Question 29] Criteria | Marks • Explains why programmers need to use different data types, and provides an example • Provides a basic explanation of different data types | 2 • Demonstrates some understanding of data types | 1

Sample answer: Different data types are stored and used in different ways. By defining a variable as a particular data type, the programmer can make use of the data in an appropriate way. For example, text data types can have characters appended to them or extracted from them, and are stored in ASCII format with one byte per character, but cannot be used in arithmetic calculations.

[Question 30] Criteria | Marks • Provides a substantially correct algorithm that addresses the following features: – Initialises highest score – Determines highest score by looping through the array – Displays the highest score – Loops through the whole array, printing names of all players with the highest score – Repeats the above for the second highest score • Provides a substantially correct algorithm that addresses most of the features • Provides an algorithm that attempts to address some of the features | 3 • Provides an algorithm that attempts to address a feature | 2 • Shows some understanding of the problem | 1

Sample answer: BEGIN first = 0 second = 0 FOR i = 1 to 200 IF Results.Score(i) >= first THEN first = Results.Score(i) ELSE IF Results.Score(i) > second THEN second = Results.Score(i) ENDIF ENDIF NEXT print "Highest score was " first FOR i = 1 to 200 IF Results.Score(i) = first THEN print = Results.Name(i) ENDIF NEXT print "Second highest score was " second FOR i = 1 to 200 IF Results.Score(i) = second THEN print = Results.Name(i) ENDIF NEXT END

[Question 21] Criteria | Marks • Demonstrates a sound understanding of the use of prototyping | 2 • Demonstrates some understanding of prototyping | 1

Sample answer: A prototype can be used to show screen design and navigation, to clarify understanding of the system and get client feedback.

[Question 22] Criteria | Marks • Explains the importance of communication over different stages in the software development cycle • Provides ONE benefit of communication, with reference to a stage in the software development cycle OR • Provides some benefits of communication • Demonstrates some understanding of the need for communication in software development

Sample answer: Without a clear understanding of client needs and without ongoing communication during the defining and planning stages, there is a risk that the final product does not meet their needs or that it becomes increasingly expensive to make necessary changes. Communication with the client during the testing stage is important in the development of relevant test data and for thorough evaluation of the software.

[Question 23 (a)] Criteria | Marks • Provides TWO reasons for the importance of security of this database | 2 • Demonstrates some understanding of the importance of data security | 1 Criteria | Marks • Provides a substantially correct system flowchart for the authentication process, using appropriate symbols • Provides a partially correct system flowchart | 2 • Provides a diagram that shows some understanding of the process | 1

Sample answer: Unintentional/malicious changes to the data may cause harm to the patients. Privacy of the patient may be compromised if the data is made public.

[Question 23 (b)] Sample answer:

[Question 26 (a)] Criteria | Marks • Demonstrates a sound understanding of why both Read statements are needed • Demonstrates some understanding of a read statement | 1 Criteria | Marks • Provides TWO reasons why the code is easy to maintain • Includes examples from the code • Provides ONE reason why the code is easy to maintain, using an example from the code OR • Provides TWO reasons why the code is easy to maintain • Demonstrates some understanding of code maintenance | 1 Criteria | Marks • Provides a thorough explanation of the need for both module and system testing in this scenario • Demonstrates a sound understanding of the need for module and system testing • Demonstrates some understanding of module and/or system testing | 2 • Demonstrates some understanding of testing | 1

Sample answer: Line 9 provides a priming read from the file and thus enables the EOF condition in line 10 to be tested, allowing for an empty file. Line 14 provides subsequent records for processing and provides the terminating condition when there are no more records.

[Question 26 (b)] Sample answer: The use of meaningful variable and module names, such as UserID and CheckPasswordCorrect, assists maintenance programmers to quickly understand the purpose of the code. Including calls to subroutines in lines 5 and 12 enables maintenance programmers to easily locate the detailed logic that may need to change.

[Question 26 (c)] Sample answer: Module testing will confirm that the module works, including the logic of the called modules with parameters being passed appropriately, for example when calling CheckPasswordCorrect with its three parameters. During system testing, live data will provide expected volumes of data which may show potential issues with performance and response times when accessing both files. Live data also ensures that unexpected combinations of data are well handled compared to the minimal conditions when using selected test data. It also tests for missing files or inappropriate file types or record formats.

[Question 27 (a)] Criteria | Marks • Produces a well-designed interface which uses appropriate screen design elements • Produces an interface with some appropriate elements | 2 • Provides a diagram that demonstrates some understanding of the system Criteria | Marks • Produces a substantially correct structure chart that represents the system • Produces a structure chart that represents most components of the system • Produces a chart with some relevant components | 2 • Provides a diagram that demonstrates some understanding of the system Criteria | Marks • Describes how the system can be evaluated with reference to TWO appropriate quality assurance criteria • Shows some understanding of quality assurance | 2 • Provides some relevant information | 1

Sample answer:

[Question 27 (b)] Sample answer:

[Question 27 (c)] Sample answer: The functionality of the system could be evaluated by viewing samples of transactions and checking that the correct fees were charged, based on the recorded entry and exit times. The ease of use of the system could be evaluated by presenting a sample of users with a survey requiring them to comment on their experiences of the process and analysing the responses.

[Question 28 (a)] Criteria | Marks • Provides a substantially correct desk check | 3 • Provides a partially correct desk check | 2 • Demonstrates some understanding of the algorithm | 1 Criteria | Marks • Identifies TWO errors and suggests ways to correct them | 3 • Identifies ONE error and suggests a way to correct it OR | 2 • Identifies TWO errors • Identifies an error | 1

Sample answer: OK | ProductCode | Len | Extracted | Count | Display character F | p3 | 2 T | p F | Not uppercase p | 1 F | 3 | 2 | Not all lowercase Invalid code F | Pad | P T | P | 1 | Not all lowercase F | a | 2 Invalid code T | Q Note: X is not considered

[Question 28 (b)] Sample answer: At line 110 the FOR/NEXT loop counter should start at 2. The value of Len is not being updated for the next ProductCode. Move line 40 to line 55.

[Question 30] Criteria | Marks • Provides a substantially correct algorithm that addresses the following features: – Display menu screen – Get a non-zero ButtonClick – Perform correct subroutine – Loop until Quit (9) is selected • Provides an algorithm that attempts to address some of the features | 2 • Demonstrates some understanding of the problem | 1

Sample answer: BEGIN Menu REPEAT Display MenuScreen REPEAT Get ButtonClick UNTIL ButtonClick <> 0 CASEWHERE ButtonClick is 1 | : Screen1 2 | : Screen2 3 | : Screen3 4 | : Screen4 Otherwise : | Quit ENDCASE UNTIL ButtonClick = 9 END Menu

[Question 32 (a)] Criteria | Marks • Provides THREE items of test data for different aspects of the algorithm, with corresponding reasons for inclusion • Provides TWO items of test data for different aspects of the algorithm, with some justification • Demonstrates some understanding of test data relevant to this algorithm | 1 Criteria | Marks • Provides a substantially correct algorithm that addresses the following features: – Validates the inputted date – Uses appropriate data structures and library routines – Outputs the correct long date – Provides meaningful error messages • Provides a substantially correct algorithm that addresses most of the features • Provides an algorithm that addresses some of the features | 3 • Provides an algorithm that attempts to address one of the features | 2 • Demonstrates some understanding of the problem | 1

Sample answer: Test data | Reason for inclusion 01/15/2022 | Check that the month is valid (1−12) 31/06/2023 | Check correct number of days in month 19/04/2022 | Verify that correct long date is produced

[Question 32 (b)] Sample answer: BEGIN date_conversion Get InDate MM = Extract(InDate, 4, 2) Month = Value (MM) DD = Extract(InDate, 1, 2) Days = Value (DD) YYYY = Extract(InDate, 7, 4) validmonth = CheckMonth(Month) IF validmonth THEN validday = CheckDays(Month, Days) IF validday THEN Display DD + “ ” + MonthName(Month) + “ ” + YYYY ELSE Display “Your days” + DD “are not valid for your entered month”; MM ENDIF ELSE Display “Your entered month must be a valid number between 1 and 12” ENDIF END date_conversion BEGIN CheckMonth(MM) flag = 1 IF MM < 1 OR MM > 12 THEN flag = 0 ENDIF RETURN flag END CheckMonth BEGIN CheckDays(Month, Days) flag = 1 IF Days > DaysinMonth(Month) OR Days < 1 THEN flag = 0 END IF RETURN flag END CheckDays

[Question 21 (a)] Criteria | Marks • Outlines TWO benefits of using a team of developers | 3 • Identifies TWO benefits OR | 2 • Outlines ONE benefit • Identifies ONE benefit | 1 Criteria | Marks • Describes the use of a Gantt chart in the management of this project | 3 • Shows some understanding of the use of a Gantt chart | 2 • Provides some relevant information | 1

Sample answer: Since the resource will involve working with images, video and itineraries, a larger development team will ensure that people with appropriate skills can be utilised. As the resource is needed by the end of the school year, it can be assumed that a short development time is needed. A larger team may be able to meet time restraints.

[Question 21 (b)] Sample answer: A Gantt chart allows individual tasks to be scheduled (such as creation of video clips) and allocated to members of the development team with the required skills. It will enable the project manager to schedule the work required to complete all of the components by the required deadline. It allows the project manager to visually see the timeline and task dependencies and respond appropriately if there are delays.

[Question 22 (a)] Criteria | Marks • Provides reason(s) for consulting the shopkeeper | 2 • Provides some relevant information | 1 Criteria | Marks • Distinguishes between user and technical documentation for this system | 3 • Outlines aspects of both user and technical documentation | 2 • Shows some understanding of documentation | 1 Criteria | Marks • Provides a substantially correct data dictionary | 3 • Provides some correct entries | 2 • Provides some relevant information | 1 Criteria | Marks • Recommends TWO ways of testing this website | 3 • Outlines TWO relevant ways of testing OR | 2 • Recommends ONE relevant way of testing • Shows some understanding of testing | 1

Sample answer: The developer should interview the shopkeeper to determine the required time frame and budget. The developer could gather data about the nature of the business and products available, enabling them to create a system that will meet their needs.

[Question 22 (b)] Sample answer: User documentation is specifically designed to assist the customer in accessing the system and purchasing groceries and will be in the form of online documentation, accessed through a help function. Technical documentation is aimed at recording the software development process to assist both in development and in subsequent maintenance. This can include modelling tools, records of testing procedures and algorithms.

[Question 22 (c)] Sample answer: Data Item | Data type | Storage | Description | Examples size bits/bytes Surname | String | 40 bytes | Surname of | Faruga customer Item name | String | 20 bytes | Name of item | 2 L full cream milk Quantity | Integer | 2 bytes | Number of | 4 items Order | Array of records | Details of | Dozen eggs 1 $5.00 items in the | Flour 1 kg | 2 $2.00 order 2 L skim milk 4 $3.50 Total cost | Floating point | 4 bytes | Total amount | $45.20 due Paid? | Boolean | 1 byte | Has payment | T (or Y) been made

[Question 22 (d)] Sample answer: Once the website is hosted on a server, access should be tested using multiple devices with a variety of transactions. This would enable the ability of the website and the system to cope with the anticipated volume and variety of interactions without having to make it available to the broader public. It is important that the website produces correct totals for orders. This can be checked by entering carefully selected test data and comparing actual output with expected output.

[Question 23 (a)] Criteria | Marks • Completes a substantially correct desk check | 3 • Completes a partially correct desk check | 2 • Provides some relevant information | 1 Criteria | Marks • Provides the necessary modifications | 3 • Provides ONE correct modification OR | 2 • Identifies TWO errors • Provides some relevant information | 1

Sample answer: Max | Num_Students | Mark | Average | Output 4 | 10 | 100, 10

[Question 23 (b)] Sample answer: Line 20 should be Max = 0 Line 15 Sum = 0 Line 95 Sum = Sum + Mark Line 110 change to Average = Sum/Num_Students

[Question 24 (a)] Criteria | Marks • Constructs a correct IPO diagram for this module | 3 • Constructs a partially correct IPO diagram | 2 • Provides some relevant information | 1 Criteria | Marks • Constructs a substantially correct data flow diagram that includes processes, data flows, storage and external entities • Constructs a data flow diagram that is relevant to the parking app and includes an external entity and most of the processes and data flows • Constructs a data flow diagram with some elements relevant to the parking app • Shows a basic understanding of data flow diagrams | 1 Criteria | Marks • Describes actions that address an inclusivity issue AND a privacy issue for this system • Outlines an action that addresses an inclusivity issue OR a privacy issue | 2 • Shows some understanding of inclusivity or privacy issues | 1

Sample answer: I | P | O Location | Determine rate | Rate Start_time | Cost = (End_time − Start_time)* Rate | Cost End_time Rate

[Question 24 (b)] Sample answer:

[Question 24 (c)] Sample answer: Drivers may use a range of devices. This is an inclusivity issue that the developer could have addressed by ensuring that this new system is available across all common platforms and screen sizes. A privacy concern arises if unauthorised people access the generated data about drivers’ movements. The developer could have implemented a security process that guards against external access to the stored banking details.

[Question 25] Criteria | Marks • Explains the use of various types of documentation by the contract programmer • Describes a number of relevant types of documentation OR | 3 • Explains the use of ONE type of documentation • Outlines some relevant types of documentation | 2 • Provides some relevant information | 1

Sample answer: By referring to technical documentation such as DFDs, algorithms and structure charts, the contract programmer can familiarise themselves with how their particular module fits into the overall project. They can read existing source code to see the purpose of various modules and lines of code. This allows them to make necessary changes to ensure the new code is compatible with the existing code. A Gantt chart can be used to see the expected timing for their allocated tasks so they can plan their workflow. A data dictionary can be referred to, to confirm the use of particular variables.

[Question 26 (a)] Criteria | Marks • Creates a substantially correct context diagram | 2 • Creates a recognisable attempt at a context diagram | 1 Criteria | Marks • For BOTH subroutines, explains the importance of implementing the logic as subroutines • For ONE of the subroutines, explains the importance of implementing the logic as a subroutine • Outlines ONE advantage of using a subroutine | 2 • Demonstrates some understanding of subroutines | 1

Sample answer:

[Question 26 (b)] Sample answer: It is useful to define CheckIfHuman as a subroutine to allow for further developments in the relevant technology. It is a trivial matter to replace the current logic for the subroutine with code that utilises the new technology, while still providing the same output, ie a success flag. DisplayMessage appears to be a generic subroutine that appropriately formats and displays a relevant message. This makes it easy to change the overall format of the display if required, once only, in the updated subroutine. It is also easy to allow for the inclusion of a much larger range of messages in the future, simply by increasing the numbers of variables that are appropriately initialised and passed to the subroutine.

[Question 27] Criteria | Marks • Provides correct explanations for BOTH modifications | 3 • Provides a correct explanation for ONE modification | 2 • Demonstrates some understanding of the algorithm | 1

Sample answer: UNTIL F>N/2 – once the process has reached halfway, the same checks would be repeated unnecessarily. Adding ‘OR palindrome = FALSE’ – there is no need to keep checking once a non-matching letter is found. In both cases, the loop can be exited early, improving efficiency.

[Question 28] Criteria | Marks • Distinguishes between the use of breakpoints and debugging output statements • Describes the use of breakpoints OR debugging output statements OR • Outlines reasons for the use of breakpoints AND debugging output statements • Provides some relevant information | 1

Sample answer: A debugging output statement is added to the code by the developer and can be used to indicate that a certain section of code has been reached or to show the contents of a variable at any specific stage of execution. A debugging output statement does not interrupt execution. A breakpoint can be added by the developer to halt execution and to allow the programmer to then check the value of specific variables or to step through the program line by line from then on.

[Question 30 (a)] Criteria | Marks • Provides a substantially correct algorithm that includes the following features: – Randomly allocates customers one at a time from the customer array using a loop | 5 – Allocates the correct number of tickets – Updates array(s) correctly – Deals correctly with last few remaining tickets • Provides an algorithm that addresses most of the key aspects of the problem • Provides an algorithm that addresses some key aspects of the problem | 3 • Provides an algorithm that shows some understanding of the problem | 2 • Shows some understanding of the problem | 1 Criteria | Marks • Provides an explanation of the use of this stub in testing | 2 • Shows some understanding of a stub | 1

Sample answer: BEGIN AllocateTickets TixIndex = 1 WHILE TixIndex < 10000 Pos = Rand (1, 2000) IF (CustomerArray[Pos].Allocated = FALSE) THEN IF (TixIndex + CustomerArray[Pos].Num_Tickets > 10000) THEN NumToInsert = 10000 – TixIndex ELSE NumToInsert = CustomerArray[Pos].Num_Tickets ENDIF UserToInsert = CustomerArray[Pos].CustId Allocate(UserToInsert, NumToInsert, TixIndex) CustomerArray[Pos].Allocated = TRUE ENDIF ENDWHILE END AllocateTickets BEGIN Allocate(CustId, Num_Tickets, TixIndex) FOR i = 1 to Num_Tickets Ticket_Array[TixIndex].AllocatedCustomer = CustId Add 1 to TixIndex NEXT i END Allocate

[Question 30 (b)] Sample answer: For the function Rand(), it is critical that it returns relevant values (in this case a random number in the specified range). It is not possible to write a stub that can pass back the required values to fully test the main program logic without including the logic to generate the random numbers required by the calling program, to enable it to allocate tickets meaningfully.