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Flashcards for Fill in the blanks questions
155 cards where the term can be tested as a fill in the blanks question. Study these as flip cards Random
The fixed sequence of the development cycle: requirements definition, determining specifications, design, development, integration, testing and debugging, installation, maintenance.
Example: Order to memorise: Requirements, Specifications, Design, Development, Integration, Testing and debugging, Installation, Maintenance.
Finding out what the client needs: gathering and documenting the problem, users, functional and non-functional requirements and constraints (client scenario, environment, objectives).
Example: Outline pattern: 'Meet the client and document what the software must do, such as login and data storage.'
Turning requirements into a detailed description of what the software will do: inputs, processes, outputs, data, performance, technical needs and compliance. Tools include IPO charts, data dictionaries and Gantt charts.
Example: Requirements say WHAT the client wants; specifications say exactly HOW WELL and in WHAT FORM the software will deliver it.
Writing the code that implements the design in the chosen language, following the algorithms and good coding practice (comments, naming, modular subroutines).
Example: Development turns the design into working code.
Breaking a large problem into smaller sub-problems, solving each one and combining the results (for example binary search or splitting a program into subroutines).
Example: Use it to explain why a program is split into subroutines.
Trying one choice and, if it reaches a dead end, undoing it and trying the next, as in maze solving or Sudoku.
Example: 'A maze solver backtracks to the last junction when it hits a wall.'
A programming style that gives the computer an ordered list of commands that change program state (for example Python procedural code).
Example: Paradigm cards: object-oriented, imperative, logic, functional.
A programming style that states facts and rules and lets the system answer queries by logical inference (for example Prolog).
Example: 'Facts and rules, not step-by-step commands.'
A programming style that builds programs from functions, avoids changing state, and treats functions as values that can be passed around.
Example: 'Computation is the evaluation of functions.'
A number system using only the digits 0 and 1. Computers store all data in binary; each digit is one bit and 8 bits make a byte.
Example: 1011 in binary = 8 + 2 + 1 = 11 in decimal.
Where you would use it in the test- Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
- Fill in the blanks: Convert between binary and decimal
- Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Memorise: Data structures
The everyday number system using digits 0 to 9.
Example: Use place values (1, 10, 100) when converting.
Where you would use it in the test- Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
- Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks or dropdown: choose this term to complete a statement or table.
Memorise: Data structures
A base-16 system using 0 to 9 and A to F (A = 10 ... F = 15). One hex digit stands for exactly 4 bits, so it is a compact way to write binary.
Example: 2F in hex = 0010 1111 in binary = 47 in decimal.
Where you would use it in the test- Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
- Fill in the blanks: Convert hex to binary or decimal
- Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Memorise: Data structures
A way of storing signed (positive and negative) integers in binary: write the positive number, invert every bit, then add 1 to get the negative. The left-most bit is the sign bit (1 = negative).
Example: 8-bit: +5 = 00000101; invert = 11111010; add 1 = 11111011 = -5.
Where you would use it in the test- Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
- Fill in the blanks: Find the 8-bit form of a negative number
- Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Memorise: Data structures
Characters are stored as numeric codes. ASCII uses 7 or 8 bits for basic English characters; Unicode uses more bits so it can represent characters from all languages and symbols.
Example: Say Unicode supports many languages; ASCII is limited.
The kind of value a variable holds: character, string, Boolean, integer, real (single-precision floating point) and date/time. The type decides how much memory it uses and what operations are allowed.
Example: 'Age = integer; price = real; isMember = Boolean; name = string.'
A whole number, positive or negative, with no fractional part.
Example: Use int for counts and array indexes.
Where you would use it in the test- Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
- Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks or dropdown: choose this term to complete a statement or table.
- Python: Python question: write or complete it in the online Python tool.
Memorise: Data structures
A number with a fractional part. Single-precision floating point stores a real in 32 bits (4 bytes).
Example: 'price = 19.95' is a real.
Where you would use it in the test- Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
- Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks or dropdown: choose this term to complete a statement or table.
Memorise: Data structures
A data type with only two values, True or False, used in conditions.
Example: 'isLoggedIn = True' controls a selection.
Where you would use it in the test- Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
- Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks or dropdown: choose this term to complete a statement or table.
- Python: Python question: write or complete it in the online Python tool.
Memorise: Data structures
A character is a single symbol; a string is a sequence of characters (text) such as a name.
Example: 'name = "Sam"' is a string; 'S' is a character.
A data type for calendar dates and clock times, stored as a single value (32 bits in the course data dictionary examples).
Example: Use date/time for an order date in a data dictionary.
Where you would use it in the test- Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
- Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks or dropdown: choose this term to complete a statement or table.
Memorise: Data structures
A data structure that groups related fields of different types into one item, such as a student with name, age and mark.
Example: 'One record per row of a table.'
A hierarchical data structure of nodes: one root, each node having child nodes and leaves at the bottom (for example folder structures or decision trees).
Example: 'A file system is a tree.'
A last-in, first-out (LIFO) structure where items are added (push) and removed (pop) at the top.
Example: 'Undo uses a stack.'
Where you would use it in the test- Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
- Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks or dropdown: choose this term to complete a statement or table.
- Code reading: Code or algorithm reading: interpret a fragment and state its output or purpose.
Memorise: Data structures
A structure that stores key and value pairs, using a hash function on the key to find the storage location, so lookups are very fast (a Python dictionary).
Example: 'Fast lookup: ages["Sam"].'
Where you would use it in the test- Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
- Python: Python question: write or complete it in the online Python tool.
- Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks or dropdown: choose this term to complete a statement or table.
Memorise: Data structures
A mistake that breaks the language rules (missing colon, bracket or misspelt keyword), so the program will not run.
Example: 'print("hi" with no closing bracket.'
The program runs but gives the wrong result because the algorithm is wrong, for example using > instead of >=. 2025 markers said students confused these with syntax errors.
Example: 'Average = total / 2 instead of total / count.'
An error that appears while the program is running and stops it, such as dividing by zero or an index outside the array.
Example: 'Dividing by zero crashes at runtime.'
A marker on a line of code where execution pauses so you can inspect variable values.
Example: 'A breakpoint halts the program so the programmer can check variables.'
Running a program one line at a time in the debugger to watch how it flows and how values change.
Example: Use with breakpoints to locate a logic error.
A debugger feature that shows the live value of chosen variables as the program runs.
Example: 'Watch total change each loop to see where the sum goes wrong.'
Print statements added to show that a section was reached or the value of a variable.
Example: 'print("total =", total)'
A blueprint or template that defines the attributes and methods shared by all objects of one kind.
Example: 'class Student:' defines the template; each student is an object.
A single instance of a class with its own attribute values and the ability to run the class's methods.
Example: 's1 = Student("Ava")' creates an object.
A variable that belongs to an object and stores its data or state (name, age, balance).
Example: 'self.balance = 0' stores an attribute.
A subroutine that belongs to a class and defines what its objects can do (deposit, display, calculate).
Example: 'def deposit(self, amount):' is a method.
Bundling an object's data and the methods that use it together in a class and restricting direct access to the data (private attributes, accessed through methods) so it stays valid and secure.
Example: 'Make balance private and change it only through deposit() so it cannot be set to a negative number directly.'
A superclass is the parent class that supplies shared features; a subclass is a child class that inherits them and adds its own.
Example: 'Dog is a subclass of Animal.'
The first design step: clearly stating the problem to be solved, its purpose, inputs and outputs, before planning the code.
Example: 'Task definition: the program must accept three marks and display the average.'
Where you would use it in the test- Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
- Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks or dropdown: choose this term to complete a statement or table.
- Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Memorise: Object-oriented concepts
The ability to respond quickly to changing requirements by working in short iterations with frequent feedback (the Agile approach).
Example: 'An agile team delivers a working feature each sprint.'
A simple placeholder subroutine, which usually returns a fixed value, standing in for code not yet written so the rest of the program can be tested.
Example: 'getRate() returns 0.1 until the real rate lookup is finished.'
Testing one subroutine, method or class on its own to check it works as intended.
Example: 'Test calculateGST() with several inputs.'
Testing a group of modules that work together as a subsystem, checking their interfaces and data passing.
Example: Between unit and system testing.
Check this one: Not found word-for-word in the supplied syllabus, specifications, marking guidelines or notes; the definition is standard computing knowledge, so check it against your class notes.
Testing the complete, integrated system against the requirements.
Example: 'System test: the whole app runs end to end.'
Testing inputs against expected outputs with no knowledge of the internal code.
Example: 'The tester only sees what goes in and what comes out.'
Testing with full knowledge of the internal code, designing tests to run every path, branch and loop.
Example: 'The developer checks every branch of the IF statement.'
Check this one: Not found word-for-word in the supplied syllabus, specifications, marking guidelines or notes; the definition is standard computing knowledge, so check it against your class notes.
Testing with partial knowledge of the internals, a mix of black box and white box.
Example: 'The tester knows the database design but not the code.'
A small computer on a single chip with a CPU, memory and input/output pins that runs the program controlling a device.
Example: 'The microcontroller reads the sensor and drives the motor.'
The part that fetches, decodes and executes program instructions. In a microcontroller it is built into the chip.
Example: Link: the CPU executes the instructions; the microcontroller packages the CPU with memory and I/O.
The list of machine instructions a CPU can carry out. It limits what code can do and how efficiently it runs.
Example: 'A smaller instruction set means simpler chips but more instructions per task.'
The part of a machine instruction that says which operation to perform; the rest of the instruction holds the operands.
Example: 'ADD R1, R2: ADD is the opcode.'
A CPU register that holds the memory address of the data or instruction to be accessed.
Example: 'The address register points to where the sensor value is stored.'
Check this one: Not found word-for-word in the supplied syllabus, specifications, marking guidelines or notes; the definition is standard computing knowledge, so check it against your class notes.
A CPU register that holds the data being processed (the operands and results).
Example: 'The data register holds the sensor reading while it is compared.'
An input device that detects something in the environment and sends the data to the controller, such as motion, light level, temperature or distance sensors.
Example: 'A light level sensor detects darkness so the lamp turns on.'
A sensor that detects movement nearby, for example infrared or ultrasonic, used in alarms and automatic doors.
Example: 'A motion sensor opens an automatic door.'
A sensor that measures brightness, used in line-following robots and automatic lighting.
Example: 'A light sensor lets a robot follow a dark line.'
An output device that turns the controller's signal into movement or action, such as a motor, servo or hydraulic cylinder.
Example: 'The servo moves the arm.'
An actuator that uses pressurised fluid to move a piston, giving large force, as in excavators and heavy robot arms.
Example: 'Hydraulic actuators lift the excavator arm.'
The tool at the end of a robotic arm that interacts with the environment, such as a gripper, welder or suction cup.
Example: 'The robotic gripper picks up the part.'
An end effector with fingers or jaws that grasps and releases objects.
Example: 'A gripper picks and places items on a conveyor.'
Data about the health and operation of a mechatronic system (temperatures, error codes, motor current) used to find faults.
Example: 'Logging motor current to detect a jam.'
Data collected so the system's performance can be improved or tuned (cycle times, energy use, error rates).
Example: 'Speed readings help tune the control algorithm.'
The number of independent directions or axes in which a part can move (a robot arm with 3 joints has 3).
Example: 'A 6-axis arm has six degrees of freedom.'
A control system that sets its output without checking the result (a timer-based sprinkler). It is simple but cannot correct errors.
Example: 'Open: the motor runs for 5 seconds regardless of distance travelled.'
Check this one: Not found word-for-word in the supplied syllabus, specifications, marking guidelines or notes; the definition is standard computing knowledge, so check it against your class notes.
A control system where sensors feed the result back and the algorithm adjusts the output to reach a target (thermostat, cruise control).
Example: 'Closed: read the sensor, compare with the target, adjust the motor.'
Sensor information about the actual output that is returned to the controller to correct the output in a closed loop system.
Example: 'The thermostat feeds temperature back to the heater controller.'
A weakness in software, hardware or process that an attacker could exploit.
Example: 'An unpatched library is a vulnerability.'
Only authorised people can read the data; achieved with encryption and access controls.
Example: 'Encrypting medical records keeps them confidential.'
Data stays accurate and unchanged unless an authorised change is made; supported by hashes, validation and checksums.
Example: 'A hash value shows a file has not been altered.'
Authorised users can access the data and system when needed; supported by backups, redundancy and protection against denial of service.
Example: 'A backup server keeps the site available if the main one fails.'
Proving that a user, device or system is who it claims to be (passwords, multi-factor, certificates).
Example: 'Login with a password and a one-time code is authentication.'
Deciding what an authenticated user is allowed to access or do (roles and permissions).
Example: 'A student can view marks but only a teacher can edit them.'
Being able to trace actions to a user or system through logs and audit trails, so people answer for what they did.
Example: 'An audit log records who changed a record.'
Converting readable data (plain text) into unreadable cipher text with an algorithm and key so only the holder of the right key can read it; also supports hashing and digital signatures.
Example: 'Encryption keeps the data confidential.'
Running code in an isolated, restricted environment so that if it is malicious or faulty it cannot affect the rest of the system.
Example: 'A browser tab runs in a sandbox so a bad page cannot read your files.'
An approach that builds privacy into software from the start: proactive not reactive, embed privacy into the design, and respect user privacy.
Example: 2025 Q16c marker note: link it to the scenario, e.g. only collect live location while the app is in use, rather than listing general privacy techniques.
A privacy by design principle: anticipate and prevent privacy problems before they happen instead of fixing them after a breach.
Example: 'Run a privacy impact check during design.'
A privacy by design principle: privacy is part of the core system design (default settings, data minimisation, encryption), not an add-on.
Example: 'Privacy settings are on by default.'
A privacy by design principle: keep the user central with clear consent, easy control of their data and transparency.
Example: 'Ask for permission before using location.'
Reducing the attack surface by removing unused services and default accounts, applying patches and using strong configuration and least privilege.
Example: 'Disable unused ports.'
Plans that keep critical operations running during and after a disruption (backup systems, alternative procedures).
Example: 'Switch to a backup server so orders continue.'
Plans to restore IT systems and data after a major incident, guided by how quickly and how fully they must be recovered.
Example: 'Restore from the off-site backup.'
Analysing the source code without running it to find security flaws early in development; a white box method.
Example: SAST = code NOT running, source visible, early. DAST = program running, from outside, finds runtime flaws.
Testing the running application from the outside by sending it unexpected input to find vulnerabilities, without needing the source code; a black box method.
Example: DAST: tests while running; finds issues like XSS or broken authentication.
Cleaning input by removing or escaping dangerous characters so it cannot be run as code (for example HTML or SQL).
Example: 'Escape < and > so a script tag is displayed as text, not run.'
Allocating and freeing memory efficiently so programs do not leak memory, crash or become slow.
Example: 'Release resources when finished.'
Weaknesses in login or session handling (weak passwords, guessable or reused session IDs, no timeout) that let attackers act as another user.
Example: 'Use long random session IDs and timeouts.'
An attack that injects malicious script into a web page that other users then run in their browser. Prevent it by sanitising and escaping output.
Example: 'Escape user comments so scripts cannot run.'
An attack that tricks a logged-in user's browser into sending an unwanted request to a site that trusts them. Prevent it with anti-CSRF tokens.
Example: 'A hidden form submits a bank transfer.'
An attack that sends users to an untrusted site because the destination in a redirect or forward is taken from unvalidated input. Prevent it by validating or whitelisting destinations.
Example: 'Only redirect to pages on your own site.'
An attack that learns secrets from indirect information such as timing, power use or electromagnetic emissions rather than breaking the algorithm. Protect with constant-time code, noise and physical shielding.
Example: 'Measuring response time to guess a password character.'
Automatic scheduled copies of data (ideally off-site or in the cloud) supporting integrity and availability and reducing human error.
Example: 'A nightly automatic backup to the cloud.'
A website that responds to user actions and updates content, using client-side scripting and server-side processing (forms, live content, accounts).
Example: 'An interactive site needs a constant internet connection to update.'
A web application that works like a native app: installable, works offline and loads quickly using a service worker and cache, can send push notifications and runs on any device with a browser.
Example: 2025 Q16a marker note: give features specific to a PWA (offline use, pre-caching, notifications) and link to the scenario.
A small chunk of data with a header (source and destination IP address, order number) sent across a network; packets are reassembled at the destination.
Example: 'A file is split into packets that can take different routes.'
A number that identifies a device on a network. IPv4 uses 32 bits written as four decimal numbers (for example 192.168.1.1).
Example: 'IPv4 has four numbers from 0 to 255.'
Check this one: Not found word-for-word in the supplied syllabus, specifications, marking guidelines or notes; the definition is standard computing knowledge, so check it against your class notes.
The service that translates a domain name (example.com) into an IP address. Port 53.
Example: 'DNS looks up the IP address for the site name.'
HyperText Transfer Protocol: the request and response protocol between browser and web server. Port 80. Not encrypted.
Example: 'http = port 80.'
HTTP carried over SSL/TLS so data is encrypted and the server is authenticated. Port 443.
Example: 'https = port 443.'
The core internet protocol suite. IP addresses and routes the packets; TCP makes delivery reliable by setting up a connection, ordering packets and re-sending lost ones.
Example: 'TCP checks delivery; IP finds the destination.'
File Transfer Protocol: moves files between client and server. Port 21 (control). Not encrypted.
Example: 'Upload site files by FTP on port 21.'
Check this one: The ports are standard internet values; the syllabus names the protocols and says 'and their ports'.
SSH File Transfer Protocol: an encrypted way to transfer files, normally port 22.
Example: 'SFTP is the secure alternative to FTP.'
Where you would use it in the test- Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
- Matching or table: Matching or table question: match it to its description, example or category.
- Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks or dropdown: choose this term to complete a statement or table.
- Short answer: Short answer (2 to 4 marks): define, outline or explain it and tie it to the scenario.
Memorise: Web protocols and their ports
Check this one: The school notes list SFTP as port 443, but the standard port is 22 (it runs over SSH). Learn the protocol is the secure FTP; give 22 if a port is asked and check with your teacher.
Secure Sockets Layer and Transport Layer Security encrypt data in transit and authenticate the server; TLS is the modern replacement for SSL. They secure other protocols (HTTP becomes HTTPS).
Example: 'TLS encrypts the connection.'
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol: sends email from a client to a server and between servers. Port 25 (587 or 465 secure).
Example: 'SMTP sends, POP3 and IMAP receive.'
Post Office Protocol 3: downloads email from the server to one device, usually deleting it from the server. Port 110 (995 secure).
Example: 'POP3 downloads and removes.'
Internet Message Access Protocol: lets you read and manage email on the server and keeps all your devices in sync. Port 143 (993 secure).
Example: 'IMAP keeps messages on the server.'
A number that identifies which service on a device receives incoming data (the IP address finds the device, the port finds the program).
Example: 'Web traffic uses 80 or 443.'
A digital certificate issued by a trusted certificate authority that proves a website's identity and contains its public key, enabling HTTPS.
Example: 'The padlock shows a valid SSL certificate.'
The mathematical method used to scramble plain text into cipher text (for example AES or RSA).
Example: 'AES is a symmetric encryption algorithm.'
The secret value used with the algorithm to encrypt and decrypt; longer keys are harder to break.
Example: 'Without the key the cipher text cannot be read.'
Plain text is readable data; cipher text is the unreadable, encrypted result.
Example: 'Encryption turns plain text into cipher text.'
One shared secret key encrypts and decrypts; fast, but the key must be shared safely.
Example: 'Fast for large data.'
A public key encrypts and a different private key decrypts; solves key sharing but is slower.
Example: 'HTTPS uses asymmetric encryption to share a session key.'
A fixed-length output of a one-way function; the same input always gives the same hash and it cannot be reversed. Used to check integrity and store passwords (with a salt).
Example: 'If the file changes, the hash changes.'
A hash of a message encrypted with the sender's private key; the receiver checks it with the public key to confirm who sent it and that it was not changed.
Example: 'A signed update proves it came from the vendor.'
Authentication proves who you are; authorisation decides what you can access.
Example: See the Secure Software Architecture cards.
Analysing large data sets to find patterns, trends and relationships (for example recommending shows).
Example: 'Mine viewing history to predict demand.'
The international organisation that develops open web standards (HTML, CSS, accessibility, internationalisation, security, privacy and machine-readable data).
Example: 'W3C standards keep sites working across browsers.'
The W3C group that creates guidelines (WCAG) so people with disability can use the web, for example alt text, contrast and keyboard navigation.
Example: 'Add alt text to images.'
Code that runs in the user's browser (HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and controls what the user sees and how they interact.
Example: 'JavaScript validates a form in the browser.'
Check this one: Not found word-for-word in the supplied syllabus, specifications, marking guidelines or notes; the definition is standard computing knowledge, so check it against your class notes.
Code that runs on the server (Python, PHP, Node) to process requests, access databases, apply business rules and keep data secure.
Example: 2025 Q23b marker note: identify features of server-side programming, use the stimulus, and link back end to front end.
SQL databases store data in related tables queried with Structured Query Language; non-SQL (NoSQL) databases store data as documents, key-value pairs or graphs.
Example: 'Use NoSQL for flexible, unstructured data.'
Reusable code: frameworks control complex web applications (React, Angular, Vue), template engines generate HTML from data, and predesigned CSS classes (Bootstrap) speed up styling.
Example: 'A framework saves writing page structure from scratch.'
Removing unnecessary characters (spaces, comments) from HTML, CSS and JavaScript to shrink the files.
Example: 'Minify the CSS to cut load time.'
Loading images or media only when they are about to be seen, so the first page loads faster.
Example: 'Only load images as the user scrolls.'
Storing copies of data or files locally or on a server so they do not have to be fetched again.
Example: 'Cache commonly requested weather data.'
A network of servers around the world that stores copies of files so users download from a nearby server.
Example: 'A CDN reduces latency.'
Software that listens for HTTP or HTTPS requests, serves files or passes requests to the application and returns responses with status codes (Apache, Nginx).
Example: '404 means not found.'
A toolkit that supplies structure for routing URLs to functions, handling requests, templates and database access (Flask, Django).
Example: 'Flask routes /login to a function.'
Command line tools used in scripts: mkdir makes a directory, cd changes directory, touch creates a file, cp copies, rm removes, cat shows file contents, grep searches a text file for a pattern.
Example: 'grep "error" log.txt searches log.txt.'
Where you would use it in the test- Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
- Code reading: Code or algorithm reading: interpret a fragment and state its output or purpose.
- Matching or table: Matching or table question: match it to its description, example or category.
- Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks or dropdown: choose this term to complete a statement or table.
Memorise: SQL vs ORM
Chooses the fields (columns) to return from a table: SELECT name, mark FROM students; SELECT * returns all columns.
Example: 'SELECT FirstName FROM Customer;'
Filters rows using conditions (=, <>, >, <, AND, OR). Text values need quotes. 2025 marker note: use quotes around searched text and combine conditions with AND or OR.
Example: "WHERE Suburb = 'Parramatta' AND Age > 18"
Sorts results by a field, ascending (ASC, the default) or descending (DESC).
Example: 'ORDER BY mark DESC'
Groups rows that share a value so aggregate functions (COUNT, SUM, AVG, MIN, MAX) can be applied to each group.
Example: 'SELECT class, COUNT(*) FROM students GROUP BY class;'
Functions that calculate one value from many rows: COUNT (number), SUM (total), AVG (mean), MIN and MAX.
Example: 'SELECT AVG(mark) FROM results;'
Rules on the data: PRIMARY KEY (unique identifier), FOREIGN KEY (links tables), NOT NULL and UNIQUE; in queries, constraints on results are set with WHERE.
Example: 'Primary key uniquely identifies each row.'
A primary key uniquely identifies each record in a table; a foreign key is a field that holds another table's primary key to link the tables.
Example: 'ClassID is the primary key of Class and a foreign key in Student.'
Create, Read, Update, Delete: the four basic database operations (INSERT, SELECT, UPDATE, DELETE).
Example: "UPDATE Student SET mark = 80 WHERE id = 3"
Where you would use it in the test- Multiple choice: Multiple choice: pick the option that matches the definition or example.
- SQL: SQL question: write or read it in the SQL query tool.
- Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks or dropdown: choose this term to complete a statement or table.
Memorise: SQL vs ORM
Check this one: From the school notes, not named in the syllabus.
A branch of AI where a program learns patterns from data to make predictions or decisions without being explicitly programmed with fixed rules.
Example: 'A spam filter learns from labelled emails.'
Training on labelled data (inputs paired with correct outputs) so the model can predict the label for new data.
Example: 'Photos labelled cat or dog train an image classifier.'
Training on unlabelled data so the model finds patterns or groups (clusters) by itself.
Example: 'Group customers by buying habits.'
Training with a small amount of labelled data and a large amount of unlabelled data.
Example: 'Label a few images, let the model help label the rest.'
The model learns by trial and error, receiving rewards or penalties for its actions in an environment, to maximise reward.
Example: 'A robot learns to walk by being rewarded.'
Training data is used to teach the model; separate test data checks how well it works on data it has not seen.
Example: 'Hold back 20% of the data for testing.'
Check this one: Standard ML practice; check the exact wording against your class notes.
Testing every route through the code (path) and values at the edges of valid ranges (boundary: just inside, on and just outside).
Example: 'Valid range 1-10: test 0, 1, 10, 11.'
What the system must do (its functions), as opposed to how well it performs.
Example: 'The system must calculate GST.'
Test code that calls the module under test, used with stubs (which stand in for modules the code calls) so a part can be tested before the rest exists.
Example: 'A driver calls calculateTotal() with test values.'
Describes every variable: name, data type, format for display, size in bytes, size for display, description, example and validation rules.
Example: 'DOB | Date | YYYY/MM/DD | 4 | 10 | birth date | 1953/10/05 | valid date before today.'
Documents progress with regular entries: date, person, progress since last entry, tasks achieved, issues and how managed, upcoming approaches, reflective comments and resources used.
Example: 'Entry: 12 Mar, Sam, finished login, issue: bug fixed with debugger.'
Check this one: Not found word-for-word in the supplied syllabus, specifications, marking guidelines or notes; the definition is standard computing knowledge, so check it against your class notes.
Keywords are in capitals; structural elements come in pairs (BEGIN/END, IF/ENDIF, WHILE/ENDWHILE); indent to show control structures.
Example: 'IF mark >= 50 THEN ... ENDIF'
State the meaning and identify the essential qualities.
Example: 'Define metadata.' Answer: a precise one-line meaning.
Choose the right word from a list; use exact syllabus terms.
Example: 2025 Q2 (Waterfall or Agile) and Q14 (data structures).