Past HSC questions 2015–2025

Measure the internal width, height and depth of the carcase opening at several points. Then subtract the clearance required for the drawer runners (from the runner specification) from the width, so the drawer fits the carcase and slides freely without binding.

Memorise pack: T15

• Outlines ONE critical step necessary for taking measurements from the
 2
 carcase to produce a drawer
 • Provides some relevant information 1

NESA sample answer

Before making the drawer, you need to measure the internal width, height and depth of the
carcase. It’s important to leave space for the drawer runners by subtracting their width and
depth from your measurements.

Carcase joints join wide boards or panels at right angles to form a box or cabinet: sides, top, bottom and shelves. A key characteristic is that they support load across the full width of the panel and resist racking, so the carcase stays strong and square. Examples are housing, rebate and dovetail joints.

Memorise pack: T8

• Outlines ONE key characteristic of carcase joints 2
 • Provides some relevant information 1

NESA sample answer

A key characteristic of carcase joints is their strength and durability. They are commonly
used in making cabinets to connect the sides, top and bottom panels, forming a solid
structure that can support shelves and drawers.

A band saw is used for cutting curves and irregular shapes and for resawing thick stock. A table saw is used for straight, precise cuts, such as ripping boards along the grain to width and cutting sheet material to size.

Memorise pack: T15

• Identifies differences between the use of a band saw and a table saw 2
 • Provides some relevant information 1

NESA sample answer

A band saw is used for cutting irregular shapes and making curved cuts, while a table saw is
used for making precise straight cuts and ripping large pieces of wood.

Answers could include

Cutting curves on a bandsaw as opposed to straight cuts on the table saw.

Laminating is suitable. First make a former to the curve of the leg from layers of MDF, allowing a little extra curve for springback. Rip thin strips of straight-grained timber that bend easily, keeping them in order, and dry-clamp them to check the fit. Spread urea-formaldehyde or epoxy glue on the mating faces, stack the strips and clamp them to the former from the centre outwards (or use a vacuum bag). Wipe off squeeze-out. When the glue has fully cured, remove the leg, clean the edges with a jointer or router and template, then cut to length and sand.

Memorise pack: T6

• Provides a thorough description of a suitable bending process 4
 • Provides some description of a suitable bending process 3
 • Demonstrates some understanding of a bending process 2
 • Provides some relevant information 1

NESA sample answer

To create a curved feature leg for the table, you can use the laminating process. Start by
cutting thin strips of wood that can bend easily. Apply a strong adhesive to each strip and
stack them together. Place the stacked strips onto a pre-made form with the desired curve
and secure them with clamps. Allow the adhesive to cure completely, ensuring the layers
bond together. Once the adhesive is fully set, remove the clamps and sand the curved leg to
smooth out any rough edges.

Answers could include

• Steam bending: soaking wood in water, steaming it to increase pliability, bending around a
 form and clamping to set the shape.
• Kerf bending: making a series of cuts (kerfs) on the inside of the curve to allow the wood
 to bend, then filling the kerfs with adhesive and clamping to set the shape.

Set-up: only trained, authorised operators should use the machine. Check that the area is clear and well lit, dust extraction is connected, and the correct sharp blade is fitted with all guards in place and adjusted. Start-up: wear safety glasses, hearing protection and a dust mask, remove loose clothing and jewellery, test the emergency stop, let the machine reach full speed before cutting, and use push sticks and fences. Maintenance: isolate the power and lock out and tag out before any adjustment or blade change. Regularly inspect and replace worn blades and belts, lubricate moving parts and clean away dust, and record all work in a maintenance log. Report and tag out faulty machines immediately.

Memorise pack: T12

• Provides a thorough description of appropriate set-up, startup and
 5
 maintenance procedures for operating high-risk machinery
 • Describes appropriate set-up, startup and maintenance procedures for
 4
 operating high-risk machinery
 • Outlines some of the set-up, startup and/or maintenance procedures for
 3
 operating high-risk machinery
 • Outlines ONE set-up or startup or maintenance procedure for operating
 2
 high-risk machinery
 • Provides some relevant information 1

NESA sample answer

First, the machine should be checked for any damage and to make sure all safety guards are
in place. For startup, test the controls and safety features and make sure all the necessary
protective gear are worn. For maintenance, regularly inspect and lubricate the machine,
replace any worn-out parts and keep a detailed maintenance log. Clean the machine often to
prevent dust and debris from building up.

Answers could include

• Specific setup procedures: ensuring proper ventilation, checking for debris and securing
 the work area.
• Pre-operation checks: verifying power supply, ensuring all machine guards are in place
 and checking that emergency stop mechanisms are functioning.
• Operator training: ensuring operators are adequately trained and understand the
 operation manual.
• Routine maintenance: scheduling regular maintenance checks, including inspecting belts,
 blades and other moving parts.
• Lubrication: ensuring all moving parts are properly lubricated to prevent wear and tear.
• Cleaning: regularly cleaning the machinery to prevent dust and debris buildup, which can
 affect machine performance.
• Record keeping: keeping detailed records of all maintenance activities, repairs and
 inspections.
• Emergency procedures: having clear emergency procedures in place, including knowing
 how to quickly shut down the machine in case of a malfunction.
Section III

Federal: the Illegal Logging Prohibition Act 2012 makes it an offence to import or process illegally logged timber, and requires importers and processors to carry out due diligence on where timber comes from. This has pushed furniture businesses towards certified timber (FSC or Responsible Wood/PEFC), reducing support for illegal logging and the deforestation and biodiversity loss it causes overseas.

State: Victoria and Western Australia ended commercial native forest logging from 1 January 2024. This protects habitat and carbon stores, but it forced manufacturers to switch to plantation, imported or recycled timber and caused mill closures and job losses. Pollution control: under the NSW Protection of the Environment Operations Act 1997, sawmills, board plants and finishing operations may need EPA licences and must control dust, noise, solvent emissions and waste. This drives investment in dust extraction, spray booths and low-VOC finishes.

Local: councils require development approval and environmental impact assessment for new factories. Overall, legislation has made sustainable sourcing and pollution control compulsory, improving the industry's environmental footprint at the cost of higher compliance costs.

Memorise pack: S7

• Describes in detail how legislative requirements have affected
 5
 sustainable practices and environmental impacts of the industry
 • Describes how legislative requirements have affected sustainable
 4
 practices and/or environmental impacts of the industry
 • Outlines the effects of legislative requirements on the sustainable
 3
 practices and/or environmental impacts of the industry
 • Demonstrates some understanding of legislative requirements or
 2
 sustainable practices or environmental impacts
 • Provides some relevant information 1

NESA sample answer

Legislation mandates that timber products come from responsibly managed forests. This has
led to a reduction in illegal logging and promoted sustainable forest management practices.
As a result, companies are now more committed to sourcing their materials responsibly,
which helps protect biodiversity and reduce carbon emissions. For instance, companies
adhering to Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) certification have implemented reforestation
programs and sustainable harvesting techniques. This regulation has significantly improved
the industry’s environmental footprint by encouraging sustainable practices and reducing
deforestation.

Historical developments in manufacturing processes, materials and work practices have moved the timber and furniture industry from hand craft to automated mass production. This has made furniture more affordable, consistent and safe, although it has reduced traditional skills and some jobs.

Before the Industrial Revolution, furniture was made by hand by skilled craftsmen using hand saws, planes and chisels. Production was slow and expensive, and quality depended on the individual maker. The Industrial Revolution brought steam-powered sawmills and machinery, such as the circular saw and powered planers, which greatly increased output. In 1859 Michael Thonet's steam-bent beech No. 14 chair was made from a few standard parts by semi-skilled workers and shipped in parts. This early mass production and flat-pack thinking made furniture affordable.

In the 20th century, electric motors made individual machines and portable power tools (routers, drills, biscuit jointers) common. This improved precision, reduced physical labour and allowed small workshops to mechanise. Manufactured boards were a major materials development: plywood, then particleboard and MDF from the mid-20th century. They used waste and small logs, came in large stable sheets and suited fast assembly with knock-down fittings, which led to flat-pack firms such as IKEA.

In the late 20th century, CNC machining and CAD/CAM allowed highly precise, repeatable and complex cuts and custom sizing at factory speed. Today CNC nesting routers, automatic edge banders and engineered timbers such as glulam and CLT (used in International House Sydney, 2017) continue this change. Work practices changed with the technology: specialised production-line jobs replaced the all-round craftsman, and later multi-skilling, WHS law and training in CNC programming emerged.

Negative effects include loss of hand skills and jobs, environmental pressure from mass consumption, and lower-quality disposable furniture. Overall, historical developments have shaped the industry positively, greatly improving productivity, precision, safety and affordability.

Memorise pack: S6

• Provides a comprehensive analysis of how historical developments and
 advancements in manufacturing processes have affected the timber
 products and furniture industry 9–10
 • Integrates relevant industry examples to support response
 • Provides a sound analysis of how historical developments and
 advancements in manufacturing processes have affected the timber
 products and furniture industry 7–8
 • Makes reference to industry examples to support response
 • Provides an analysis of how historical developments and/or
 advancements in manufacturing processes have affected the timber
 products and furniture industry
 OR 5–6
 • Provides a description of how historical developments and
 advancements in manufacturing processes have affected the timber
 products and furniture industry with some reference to industry examples
 • Demonstrates some understanding of historical developments and/or
 3–4
 advancements in manufacturing processes and/or effects on industry
 • Provides some relevant information 1–2

NESA sample answer

The woodworking industry has been significantly affected by various historical developments
in manufacturing processes. During the Industrial Revolution, the introduction of steam-
powered machinery drastically increased production capabilities and efficiency. This allowed
for the mass production of wooden furniture and other products, meeting the growing
demands of the time.
In the 20th century, the advent of electric-powered tools, such as electric saws and lathes,
further revolutionised the industry. These tools improved precision and reduced the physical
labour required for woodworking, allowing for more intricate and consistent designs.
Additionally, the standardisation of parts and materials during this period led to greater
uniformity and quality control in products.
The introduction of computer numerical control (CNC) technology in the late 20th century
marked a significant advancement. CNC machines enabled highly precise and complex cuts,
which were previously impossible with manual tools. This technology has allowed for greater
customisation and innovation in woodworking designs, catering to diverse consumer
demands.
These historical developments have collectively enhanced the productivity, safety and
precision of the woodworking industry. They have also opened up new possibilities for design
and creativity, shaping the industry into what it is today.

Answers could include

• Mechanisation and automation revolutionised production, increasing efficiency and
 reducing labour costs.
• Mass production methods enabled affordability and wider accessibility of products.
• Digital and computer-aided technologies enhanced precision, consistency and design
 flexibility.
• Miniaturisation of components improved functionality, portability and material efficiency.
• Robotics, AI, CNC and the like systems optimised manufacturing processes, reducing
 waste and errors.
• CAD, CAM, modelling and authoring software led to improved designs, customisation and
 manufacturing processes and improved precision and automation
• Standardisation of materials and components ensured quality control and interoperability.
• Cloud computing and digital storage transformed data accessibility, distribution and
 collaboration.
• Adoption of sustainable manufacturing practices minimised environmental impact and
 waste.
• Increased use of recycled, biodegradable and eco-friendly materials across industries.
• Energy-efficient production methods reduced resource consumption and carbon
 emissions.
• Circular economy principles promoted waste reduction, material reuse and sustainability.
• Integration of renewable energy sources reduced reliance on fossil fuels in industrial
 operations.
• Digital solutions such as cloud storage and on-demand production minimised material
 waste.
• Green technologies advanced the creation of environmentally friendly and energy-efficient
 products.
• Ethical and sustainable sourcing practices ensured responsible use of resources.
• Ongoing research and technological innovation continue to shape modern industry and
 sustainability efforts.
2025 HSC Industrial Technology
Timber Products and Furniture Technologies

Epoxy resin (it can be tinted and used to fill voids as a decorative feature).

Memorise pack: T5/notes 3.4

• Identifies an appropriate adhesive 1

NESA sample answer

Epoxy resin

Prepare an accurate cutting list and draw an economical layout of all parts on the boards or sheets before cutting, so parts are nested together and offcuts are kept for small components. This reduces the number of boards or sheets bought and the waste sent to landfill.

Memorise pack: T14

• Outlines ONE strategy that ensures efficient resource utilisation and
 2
 minimises wastage
 • Provides some relevant information 1

NESA sample answer

Before cutting or ordering materials, meticulously measure and plan the dimensions and cuts
needed for each piece of timber stock. Develop thorough and accurate project plans.

A mitre saw cuts across a board at an angle by pivoting horizontally, such as a 45° mitre for a picture frame. A compound mitre saw can also tilt the blade (bevel) while it is pivoted, so it cuts a mitre and a bevel in one cut. This is used for compound angles such as crown mouldings, splayed legs or angled frames.

Memorise pack: T15

• Describes the difference between a mitre saw and a compound mitre
 3
 saw in their function and use
 • Demonstrates some understanding of the difference between a mitre
 2
 saw and a compound mitre saw in their function and/or use
 • Provides some relevant information 1

NESA sample answer

A standard mitre saw cuts wood at various angles, typically in straight, cross, or bevel cuts.
In contrast, a compound mitre saw performs these cuts and allows bevel cuts with additional
adjustable blade angles, enhancing its versatility for angled and compound cuts in
woodworking projects.

Variable speed is a crucial feature. Large-diameter bits, such as panel-raising or large round-over bits, have a much higher rim speed, so they must run at lower rpm to cut safely without burning the timber or overheating the bit. Small bits need high speed to give a clean cut. A router with variable speed can therefore be matched to each bit and timber, giving a better-quality edge and safer operation across a wider range of projects.

Memorise pack: T15

• Provides a thorough explanation of ONE crucial feature woodworkers
 4
 should consider when selecting a router for their woodworking projects
 • Provides some explanation of ONE crucial feature woodworkers should
 3
 consider when selecting a router for their woodworking projects
 • Recognises some aspects and terms of ONE feature woodworkers
 2
 should consider when selecting a router for their woodworking projects
 • Provides some relevant information 1

NESA sample answer

The router’s compatibility with a variety of router shank types, enables versatility in executing
diverse cutting, shaping and detailing tasks within woodworking projects. Whether you are
cutting, shaping or adding details to a project, a router that can work with a variety of bits
gives you more options to get the job done just the way you want it. Each bit serves a
different purpose, but it must be compatible with the router.

Answers could include

• The router’s ergonomics and handling. Choosing a router with comfortable grips, proper
 weight distribution, and easy accessibility to controls enhances user comfort, reducing
 fatigue during extended woodworking sessions and improving overall precision in handling
 the tool.
• Variable speed control. It allows adjustments to the router’s rpm (revolutions per minute),
 which is crucial for different bit sizes and materials, ensuring precision, safety, and optimal
 performance in various woodworking tasks.

First, recycled timber often contains hidden nails, screws and bolts. If a saw, planer or thicknesser blade strikes metal, the blade can chip or shatter and throw fragments, or the timber can kick back, causing eye, face and hand injuries. The timber must therefore be inspected, scanned with a metal detector and de-nailed before machining, and eye and face protection worn. Second, old timber may be coated in lead-based paint or treated with CCA (copper chrome arsenate) preservative. Sanding or machining it releases toxic dust that can be inhaled. Its history should be checked and paint tested for lead; CCA-treated timber should not be machined or burnt, and dust extraction and a P2 respirator should be used.

Memorise pack: T13

• Provides a thorough explanation of TWO WHS risks, which should be
 5
 assessed prior to preparing and using recycled timber in a project
 • Provides a sound explanation of TWO WHS risks, which should be
 4
 assessed prior to preparing and using recycled timber in a project
 • Provides features of TWO WHS risks, which should be assessed prior to
 preparing and/or using recycled timber in a project
 OR 3
 • A thorough explanation of ONE WHS risk, which should be assessed
 prior to preparing and/or using recycled timber in a project
 • Recognises WHS risks, which should be assessed prior to preparing
 2
 and/or using recycled timber in a project
 • Provides some relevant information 1

NESA sample answer

Recycled timber might have previously been treated with hazardous chemicals like
pesticides, preservatives, or paints. Sanding or cutting this timber without proper assessment
could lead to exposure to harmful substances, causing respiratory issues or skin irritation.
Additionally, recycled timber may have hidden defects such as embedded nails, screws, or
metal fragments. Working with this timber without adequate inspection and removal of these
elements could result in splinters, cuts, or puncture wounds, posing physical injury risks to
workers handling the material.

Answers could include

• Dust and respiratory Issues: Sanding or cutting recycled timber generates fine dust
 particles. Workers may inhale these particles without appropriate protective measures like
 masks or ventilation, leading to respiratory problems like asthma or lung irritation.
 Assessing and managing dust exposure risks are crucial to maintaining worker health and
 safety.
• Structural integrity: Recycled timber might have undergone degradation, weakening its
 structural integrity due to previous wear, insect damage, or rot. Failing to assess this risk
 might result in structural instability during construction, leading to accidents or collapses
 and endangering worker safety.
Section III

A partnership with a hierarchical structure (e.g. a large furniture manufacturer) has many management levels and specialised departments. Its marketing is formal and planned: decisions pass through several levels, and specialised teams handle market research, branding and larger campaigns (TV, catalogues, showrooms, trade fairs), which is thorough but slow.

A sole trader with a flat structure (e.g. a custom furniture maker) makes marketing decisions personally and quickly. They rely on low-cost social media, a website, word of mouth and their portfolio, and can react fast to trends and client feedback, but have a smaller budget and reach.

Both firms aim to reach clients who want tailored solutions, but they differ in speed, budget and formality. So the hierarchical firm has greater reach and consistency, while the flat firm has greater flexibility and personal service.

Memorise pack: S10

• Provides a comprehensive comparison that highlights differences in
 5
 approach to marketing and advertising of both firms
 • Provides a sound comparison of the differences in approach to
 4
 marketing and advertising of both firms
 • Provides a description of the two firms’ approaches to marketing and
 advertising
 OR 3
 • Provides a sound description of the approach to marketing and
 advertising used by an organisation
 • Shows some understanding of marketing and advertising 2
 • Provides some relevant information 1

NESA sample answer

Organisation A, a partnership-owned firm with a hierarchical structure, tends to have a formal
approach to marketing and advertising. This means that decisions about how to promote
their products or services go through different levels of management before being put into
action. Each partner might have a say in these decisions, which can take time. They may
have specialised teams for different marketing tasks, like research or branding.
In contrast, Organisation B, a sole trader-owned firm with a flat management structure, takes
a more flexible approach. This means that decisions about marketing are made more quickly
because there are fewer levels of management. A small team might handle marketing
directly, allowing for faster reactions to changes in market conditions.

The organisational structure of a furniture business strongly influences how it organises production and how efficiently it operates. Hierarchical structures favour standardised, high-volume efficiency, and flat structures favour flexibility and speed of response.

Decision-making: in hierarchical Organisation A, approvals for new products, machinery or schedule changes pass through several managers, which slows responses. In flat Organisation B, the owner decides immediately, so it can change a job or accept a custom order the same day.

Specialisation and production: Organisation A can afford specialised departments (design, CNC programming, assembly, finishing, quality control) and mass-production equipment, producing large volumes at low unit cost. Organisation B's few multi-skilled workers do many tasks and suit one-off custom pieces, but at a higher cost per unit.

Quality control: A can run formal QC with inspectors, standards and documented procedures, giving consistency. B relies on the owner's personal checks, which are flexible and personal but less systematic and harder to keep consistent as it grows.

Resources and cost: A's extra management layers add overhead costs, and communication can be slow or distorted. B has low overheads and direct communication, but limited capital limits investment in efficient technology such as CNC routers.

Innovation and motivation: B's workers often have more autonomy and job satisfaction, encouraging ideas. A can fund research and development, but rigid procedures may discourage individual initiative.

Overall, the hierarchical structure is more efficient for high-volume, standardised production, while the flat structure is more efficient for small-batch, customised work. Each firm is most efficient when its structure matches its market.

Memorise pack: S11

• Provides an analysis of the influence of management approaches to
 9–10
 production and efficiency
 • Provides an explanation of the influence of management approaches to
 7–8
 production and/or efficiency
 • Describes the influence of management approaches to production and
 5–6
 efficiency
 • Demonstrates some understanding of the influence of management
 3–4
 approaches to production and/or efficiency
 • Provides some relevant information 1–2

Answers could include

• Decision-making speed
 – Hierarchical structures (Organisation A) may experience slower decision-making due to
 the various levels of approval required.
 – Flat structures (Organisation B) typically allow for quicker decisions due to fewer layers
 of management.
• Responsiveness to change
 – Organisation A might be less responsive to change because of its many tiers of
 management, which can slow down the implementation of new ideas.
 – Organisation B is likely more agile and can adapt quickly due to its simpler structure.
• Quality control
 – In a hierarchical structure, quality control can be more standardised and rigorous,
 although potentially slower.
 – Flat structures might have more flexible quality control processes, allowing for quicker
 adjustments but possibly less consistency.
• Resource allocation
 – Hierarchical firms may have more complex resource allocation processes, potentially
 leading to inefficiencies.
 – Flat structures might allocate resources more dynamically and efficiently due to less
 bureaucracy.
• Innovation
• Communication
• Employee autonomy
• Management overhead
• Cost efficiency
• Risk management.
2024 HSC Industrial Technology
Timber Products and Furniture Technologies

Name the category exactly from the diagram (for example hinges, drawer runners, catches or knock-down fittings). The diagram is not reproduced here; check the paper and marking guidelines.

Memorise pack: notes 3.5

• Provides the correct category of the fittings 1

NESA sample answer

Catch

Answers could include

Latch, roller catch, magnetic catch, ball catch

Particleboard and MDF are made from sawmill residues, chips, thinnings and small-diameter plantation logs that would otherwise be wasted. Using them makes fuller use of each tree, so fewer large logs need to be harvested.

Memorise pack: T5

• Outlines an environmental benefit of using manufactured boards 2
 • Provides some relevant information 1

NESA sample answer

Manufactured boards are normally made from waste from the production of wood planks or
from recycled timber. This means fewer trees need to be cut down and resources are
conserved.

Area = 2.5 × 1.5 = 3.75 m². Two coats = 3.75 × 2 = 7.5 m². Litres = 7.5 ÷ 15 = 0.5 L. Cost = 0.5 × $45 = $22.50.

Memorise pack: T16

• Demonstrates a clear understanding of how to calculate the cost of the
 3
 finished coat on the table top
 • Demonstrates some understanding of how to calculate the cost of the
 2
 finished coat on the table top
 • Provides some relevant information 1

NESA sample answer

Table top area = 2.5 ´ 1.5
 = 3.75 square metres
 For 2 coats area = 3.75 ´ 2
 = 7.5 square metres
1 litre covers 15 square metres = 7.5 ÷ 15
 = 0.5 litres of finish
 Cost of 1 litre $45.00 = 0.5 ´ 45
 = $22.50

Logs are debarked, cross-cut into billets and softened by soaking or steaming so the timber cuts cleanly. Each billet is mounted in a rotary lathe and spun against a long knife, peeling off a continuous ribbon of veneer of even thickness. A pressure bar stops the veneer splitting. The ribbon is then clipped into sheets of the required width, removing defects, and the sheets are dried and graded ready for lay-up. (Decorative face veneers may instead be sliced: flat/crown, quarter or rift slicing.)

Memorise pack: T4

• Provides a sound description of the process of cutting veneers for
 4
 plywood
 • Provides some description of the process of cutting veneers for plywood 3
 • Provides a feature of cutting veneers for plywood 2
 • Provides some relevant information 1

NESA sample answer

Veneer is cut and manufactured from long sections or saw flitches. Veneer is produced by
slicing or rotary peeling of logs. It is sliced at approximately 0.6 mm (this is normal thickness
for the Australian market) or can be peeled at various thicknesses. Several cut methods are
used to create various wood grain patterns.

Air seasoning removes moisture from green timber until it is close to the outdoor equilibrium moisture content, reducing later shrinkage and warping. The converted boards are stacked on a level, well-drained site on bearers raised off the ground, so air circulates underneath and ground moisture and termites are avoided. Each layer is separated by stickers of equal thickness, lined up vertically, so air flows over every board and the stack stays flat. A roof protects the stack from rain and direct sun, weights hold the top layers flat, and the board ends are sealed to prevent end splits. Over months, or years for thick hardwoods, moisture slowly evaporates. The process is cheap and causes little stress, but it is slow and cannot get below outdoor EMC.

Memorise pack: T1

• Provides a thorough explanation of the process of seasoning timber
 5
 through natural air drying
 • Provides a sound explanation of the process of seasoning timber through
 4
 natural air drying
 • Provides some explanation of the process of seasoning timber through
 3
 natural air drying
 • Provides feature(s) of air drying 2
 • Provides some relevant information 1

NESA sample answer

In seasoning timber through air drying, the boards are stacked and divided by narrow pieces
of wood called stickers so that the air can circulate freely about each board. The stack is
slanted to facilitate drainage of rain. The process is inexpensive, easily managed, no
specialist labour required, no expensive equipment needed.
Section III

A CNC (computer numerically controlled) nesting router is one new technology transforming furniture and cabinet manufacturing. Parts are designed in CAD, and CAM nesting software arranges them on the sheet with the least waste. The machine then cuts, drills and grooves whole sheets of board automatically, with vacuum hold-down and automatic tool changes. This improves the industry by increasing accuracy and repeatability, cutting material waste and labour time, and allowing custom-sized kitchen and wardrobe cabinets to be produced quickly at mass-production cost.

Memorise pack: S4

• Provides a sound description of how ONE new technology is being used
 3
 to improve the timber products and furniture industry
 • Demonstrates some understanding of ONE new technology used to
 2
 improve the timber products and furniture industry
 • Provides some relevant information 1

NESA sample answer

Drones are flying robots that can be remotely controlled. In the timber industry, one purpose
of drones is to create detailed 3D maps of forests, automatically count trees and identify
species. As a result, we are able to assess inventory to better select timber for harvest and
plan for a more sustainable future.

Answers could include

• Microwave seasoning
• Laser cutting
• Handheld CNC router
• Global positioning systems.

Mass production and automation have had a largely positive impact on the timber products and furniture industry. They have greatly increased efficiency, consistency and affordability, although they have reduced customisation and some jobs and require large investment.

Mass production makes large numbers of identical products from standardised parts. Automation uses computer-controlled machines (CNC routers, beam saws, edge banders) with little human input; mechanisation (e.g. a forklift) uses machines operated by people.

Impact on efficiency and cost: a CNC beam saw or nesting router can cut and drill a full sheet of particleboard in minutes, run long shifts and reproduce parts exactly. Flat-pack manufacturers such as IKEA combine mass-produced board components with knock-down fittings, so furniture is cheap to make, store and ship. Lower unit costs mean lower prices and wider access for consumers.

Impact on quality and waste: automation removes human error, so every part is identical and joints fit, improving quality control. CAM nesting software minimises offcuts, reducing material costs and environmental impact.

Impact on the workforce: automation reduces demand for unskilled machine operators and traditional hand skills, causing job losses and resistance. It also creates new skilled roles in CNC programming, CAD design and machine maintenance, and removes workers from dangerous tasks at saws, improving WHS.

Limitations: automated lines are very expensive for small businesses, and mass production suits standard products rather than one-off pieces. Small workshops survive by making bespoke solid-timber furniture.

Overall, mass production and automation have transformed the industry from craft workshops into efficient factories. Their benefits in productivity, consistency, safety and price outweigh the costs, provided businesses retrain workers and keep space for customised, high-value products.

Memorise pack: S5

• Provides a comprehensive discussion of the impact of mass production
 and automation on the timber products and furniture industry 11–12
 • Integrates relevant industry examples to support response
 • Provides a sound discussion of the impact of mass production and
 automation on the timber products and furniture industry 8–10
 • Makes detailed reference to industry examples to support response
 • Provides some discussion of the impact of mass production and
 automation on the timber products and furniture industry 5–7
 • Makes some reference to industry examples to support response
 • Demonstrates some understanding of the impact of mass production
 3–4
 and/or automation on the timber products and furniture industry
 • Provides some relevant information 1–2

Answers could include

Advantages
• Increase efficiency and therefore production rates
• More products can be produced in a shorter amount of time, leading to increased profits
• Consistency across products
• Minimisation of errors
• Cost saving as automated machines incur less costs in the long term
• Allow the meeting of consumer demands at a lower cost
• Reduced labour costs
• Lower product prices.
Disadvantages
• Does not allow customisation
• Negative impact on the environment
• High initial investment in equipment
• Decreased quality
• Lost of jobs due to machinery and automated processes taking over
• Need of train employees to operate new machinery.
2023 HSC Industrial Technology
Timber Products and Furniture Technologies

Four-sided moulder (or a planer/jointer and thicknesser).

Memorise pack: T15

• Correctly identifies a suitable machine that is used to dress timber 1

NESA sample answer

Planer/Jointer.

Answers could include

• Thicknesser
• Drum sander
• CNC router.

EMC is the moisture content at which timber neither gains nor loses moisture to the surrounding air. Timber should be close to the EMC of where it will be used; otherwise it will shrink (causing gaps and loose joints) or swell (causing cupping and buckling) after the product is made.

Memorise pack: T2

• Provides an outline of the importance of EMC 2
• Provides some relevant information 1

NESA sample answer

EMC affects the stability of the timber. When the moisture content is the same as the
environment, then there should be no movement of the timber structure.

Answers could include

Wet weather and air conditioning may affect the EMC of the material, causing doors to jam
and other related issues.
NESA 2022 HSC Industrial Technology – Timber Products and Furniture Technologies Marking Guidelines

Top: 2 × 0.3 m × $13.00 = $7.80. Legs: 4 × 0.2 m × $7.25 = $5.80. Rails: 4 × 0.2 m × $1.95 = $1.56. Total = $15.16.

Memorise pack: T16

• Correctly calculates the cost to complete the stool 3
• Provides some steps in calculating the cost of the stool 2
• Provides some relevant calculation 1

NESA sample answer

Item Length Width Thickness Number $/m Total
 Required
Top 300 150 50 2 13.00 7.80
Leg 200 50 50 4 7.25 5.80
Rail 200 75 25 4 1.95 1.56
 15.16

Reusing salvages whole timber members, such as old beams, floorboards, wharf and bridge timbers, and re-machines them for furniture and flooring. This supplies well-seasoned, often rare hardwood without felling new trees. Recycling reprocesses waste such as offcuts, sawdust and chips into particleboard and MDF, so material that would go to landfill replaces solid timber in carcases and panels. Both stretch the limited supply of new logs, which became tight after plantations burnt in the 2019–20 bushfires and demand rose during the 2021 housing boom, therefore easing shortages and prices.

Memorise pack: T14

• Demonstrates a sound understanding of how recycling and reusing can
 4
 address timber shortages
• Demonstrates some understanding of how recycling and reusing can
 3
 address timber shortages
• Identifies some ways of recycling and reusing that address timber
 2
 shortages
• Provides some relevant information 1

NESA sample answer

Older timber structures such as wooden bridges and power poles can easily be recycled as
they often contain much-valued hardwoods harvested many years ago from species not now
readily available. These can make their way into specialist furniture producers, where their
use is valued. Timbers which are chemically untreated may be repurposed as wooden
pallets.

Answers could include

Some timber may be chipped and used for mulch with chemically treated timbers going into
landfill. Builder’s waste could also be better managed as much timber is wasted in the
production of domestic dwellings.
NESA 2022 HSC Industrial Technology – Timber Products and Furniture Technologies Marking Guidelines

Knock-down fittings such as cam locks, cross dowels and connector bolts let furniture be assembled and dismantled. Because parts can be shipped flat, the packed volume is much smaller, so freight and storage costs fall and products are cheaper (e.g. IKEA flat-pack). Customers can assemble the product with basic tools, and it can be taken apart to move house or replace a part. The holes are drilled quickly and accurately by CNC or multi-boring machines, so parts are interchangeable, which suits mass production and lowers labour costs. KD fittings also work well in particleboard and MDF, where traditional joints are weak, although they are generally less strong and less refined than glued joints.

Memorise pack: T7

• Provides a detailed explanation of the advantages of using knock-down
 5
 fittings
• Provides a sound explanation of the advantages of using knock-down
 4
 fittings
• Provides some explanation of the advantages of using knock-down
 fittings OR a sound explanation of an advantage of using knock-down 3
 fittings
• Provides detail of an advantage of using knock-down fittings 2
• Provides some relevant information 1

NESA sample answer

KD fittings are used for flat pack furniture as they can exert more pressure on a joint than
using a screw or nail. KD fittings are used without adhesives and hold together by
mechanical strength. Bolt and barrel fittings can be used to assemble items which are much
larger than the entry to the room in which it is to be used.

Answers could include

• Speed of assembly
• Fewer tools required
• Lower degree of expertise required
• Adds strength to joinery.
NESA 2022 HSC Industrial Technology – Timber Products and Furniture Technologies Marking Guidelines
Section III

In NSW, the Work Health and Safety Act 2011 and the WHS Regulation make the business (the "person conducting a business or undertaking", PCBU) legally responsible for ensuring, as far as reasonably practicable, the health and safety of workers. The law requires a furniture factory to provide safe machinery with guards, safe systems of work, training and supervision, PPE, first aid, safety signage and consultation with workers through health and safety representatives or committees. For example, wood dust (especially hardwood dust) is classified as a cause of nasal cancer, and noise from saws and planers damages hearing. The legislation therefore requires dust extraction, hearing protection and monitoring to control these hazards. Workers also have duties: to follow safe work procedures, use PPE and report hazards. SafeWork NSW polices the law through inspections, improvement and prohibition notices, fines and prosecution. This gives employers a strong financial and legal reason to comply and reduces injuries and lost time.

Memorise pack: S1

• Provides a detailed description of the role WHS legislation has in
 5
 workplace safety
• Provides a sound description of the role WHS legislation has in workplace
 4
 safety
• Provides some description of the role WHS legislation has in workplace
 3
 safety
• Provides a limited description of the role of WHS 2
• Provides some relevant information 1

NESA sample answer

Workplaces must ensure the safety of their employees by law. The law exists to protect the
welfare of employees. WHS law requires employers to provide safety training, safe
equipment, safety inspection, evacuation procedures, safety signage and safety committees
to ensure a safe workplace. Failure to comply with legal requirements may result in penalties
or prosecution.

A timber and furniture workplace has serious hazards: rotating blades, kickback, wood dust, noise, manual handling of heavy sheets, and flammable finishes. Safety is best improved by applying the hierarchy of control, backed by training and a positive safety culture.

Elimination and substitution: the most effective strategies remove the hazard. For example, buying panels pre-cut to size removes a dangerous manual ripping task, and switching from solvent-based to water-based finishes removes flammable, toxic fumes.

Engineering controls: these isolate workers from hazards without relying on behaviour. Examples are blade guards, riving knives, and table saws with flesh-sensing blade-brake technology (such as SawStop), which stops the blade on skin contact. Dust extraction and spray booths remove carcinogenic dust and fumes, and vacuum lifters and roller tables reduce manual handling of heavy 2400 × 1200 mm sheets. CNC machining centres also keep operators away from the cutting zone.

Administrative controls: risk assessments and safe work procedures for every machine, induction and machine-specific training with sign-off, signage, lockout/tagout for maintenance, and job rotation to reduce repetitive strain. Regular WHS committee meetings and reviewing the accident and near-miss log help identify hazards early. These are cheaper but depend on people following them, so supervision is essential.

PPE: as a last line of defence, workers wear safety glasses, hearing protection, P2 dust masks, steel-capped boots and gloves where appropriate (never near rotating blades). Culture and consultation: involving workers in identifying hazards, rewarding safe behaviour and making managers model safe practice builds a culture where safety is normal, not an afterthought.

Overall, the most effective strategy is to combine engineering controls, which work every time, with thorough training and consultation. This reduces injuries, lost-time costs, workers' compensation premiums and the risk of prosecution, while improving productivity.

Memorise pack: S2

• Provides a detailed explanation of strategies that could be implemented
 9–10
 to improve safety in the workplace
• Provides a sound explanation of strategies that could be implemented to
 7–8
 improve safety in the workplace
• Provides some explanation of strategies that could be implemented to
 5–6
 improve safety in the workplace
• Outlines some strategies that could be implemented to improve safety in
 3–4
 the workplace
• Provides some relevant information 1–2

Answers could include

• Hierarchy of control • Tagging & testing
• Employee training • Regular equipment inspections
• WHS signage • Taking regular breaks
• Provision of PPE • Have regular WHS meetings and
• Fire safety equipment discussions
• Ergonomic workstations • Access to First Aid
• Manual handling techniques and • Accident log review
 equipment • Chemical signage / storage.
• RCD electrical safety
 NESA 2022 HSC Industrial Technology – Timber Products and Furniture Technologies Marking Guidelines
 2022 HSC Industrial Technology
 Timber Products and Furniture Technologies

Sliding bevel (2021 marking feedback).

Memorise pack: notes 3.11

• Correctly names the tool 1

NESA sample answer

Sliding bevel.

Kiln seasoning is much faster (days or weeks rather than months or years) because heat, humidity and airflow are controlled. It can also dry timber to a precise, lower moisture content suited to indoor furniture, and the heat kills insects and fungi.

Memorise pack: T2

• Provides the advantages of kiln seasoning 2
 • Provides at least one advantage 1

NESA sample answer

Timber can be dried to an exact moisture content.
Reduction in time for seasoning (quick method).

Answers could include

• Weather does not affect the process
• Does not require a lot of space
• Seasoned timber is always available
• Kills insects and fungi.

Work out the top size first: frame length + 80 mm and width + 80 mm (40 mm overhang on each side). Number of top boards = top width ÷ 140, rounded up. Cost = number of boards × top length (m) × $20.00. Add the given leg, long-rail and short-rail costs for the total. Exact figures depend on the diagram dimensions; check the 2021 marking guidelines.

Memorise pack: T16

• Provides the correct answers to all 3 calculations 3
 • Provides the correct answers to at least 2 calculations 2
 • Provides the correct answers to at least 1 calculations 1

NESA sample answer

Member Number Length Width Thickness Cost per Total cost
 metre
 Legs 4 431 40 40 $10.00 $17.24
 Long rails 2 920 75 40 $5.00 $9.20
 Short rails 2 400 75 19 $5.00 $4.00
 Top 4 1080 140 19 $20.00 $86.40
 Total cost $116.84
Note – 3 calculations = correctly determine size of top: correct multiplication; correct addition.
NESA 2021 HSC Industrial Technology – Timber Products and Furniture Technologies Marking Guidelines

Logs are debarked, cut into billets and softened by soaking or steaming. Each billet is rotary-peeled on a lathe into a continuous veneer, which is clipped into sheets and dried to a low moisture content, then graded and patched. Glue is applied and the veneers are laid up with the grain of each layer at 90° to the next, using an odd number of plies. The lay-up is hot-pressed so heat and pressure cure the glue, then the sheets are trimmed, sanded to thickness and graded.

Memorise pack: T4

• Provides characteristics and features of plywood manufacture 4
• Sketches in general terms features of plywood manufacture 3
• Provides a feature of plywood manufacture 2
• Provides some relevant information 1

NESA sample answer

Plywood is usually made by bonding three or more thin sheets of timber, known as plies, so
that the grain is at right angles in adjacent layers. The number of layers is usually odd,
ranging from 3 to 21.

Answers could include

Veneer is produced from logs using rotary peeling or slicing; veneer sheets are glued, with
grains at ninety degrees to each other; pressure applied; trim edges and cut to size.

Timber selection: use plantation, recycled or certified (FSC/Responsible Wood) timber rather than illegally logged or rare exotic species, to protect native forests and biodiversity. Economical use: plan cutting lists and sheet layouts to minimise waste, and reuse offcuts. Manufactured boards make use of residues, but low-formaldehyde (E0/E1) boards should be chosen to limit emissions. Finishes: low-VOC water-based finishes reduce air pollution, and solvents and rags must go to approved waste facilities. Life cycle: durable, repairable designs and flat-pack transport reduce resource use and freight emissions, and designing for disassembly allows recycling at the end of the product's life.

Memorise pack: T14

• Provides a comprehensive understanding of the characteristics and
 5
 features of environmental considerations for the timber industry
• Provides a sound understanding of the characteristics and features of
 4
 environmental considerations for the timber industry
• Sketches in general terms environmental considerations for the timber
 industry
OR 3
• Provides characteristics and features of at least one environmental
 consideration
• Shows some understanding of environmental issues 2
• Provides some relevant information 1

Answers could include

• Use of plantation timbers
• Recycling/reusing timbers
• Waste minimisation
• Pollution control (dust, noise, chemicals)
• WHS issues.
NESA 2021 HSC Industrial Technology – Timber Products and Furniture Technologies Marking Guidelines
Section III

If demand falls and the company downsizes, redundancies must follow the Fair Work Act 2009 and the relevant award (e.g. the Timber Industry Award 2020), including consultation, notice and redundancy pay. The selection of who is retrenched must be fair and non-discriminatory. Unions represent workers in negotiating these changes, redundancy packages and new enterprise (group) agreements. Disputes can arise if consultation is poor, possibly leading to industrial action and lost production.

If demand rises and the company expands, it must recruit fairly under equal employment opportunity (EEO) and anti-discrimination law. It may negotiate overtime, shift work and new individual or group contracts. Introducing new technology or roles changes job descriptions and pay rates, so the employer must consult workers and unions to avoid disputes.

Memorise pack: S12

• Demonstrates comprehensive understanding of the characteristics and
 features of industrial relations issues that would occur to adapt to the 5
 company’s changes
• Demonstrates a sound understanding of the characteristics and features
 of industrial relations issues that would occur to adapt to the company’s 4
 changes
• Sketches in general terms industrial relations issues that would occur to
 adapt to the company’s changes
 3
OR
• Provides characteristics and features of one industrial issue
• Shows some understanding of industrial relations issues that would occur 2
• Provides some relevant information 1

NESA sample answer

If the company is going to downsize this could lead to employee job losses and
retrenchments. This requires redundancy packages and union negotiation in regards to
individual contracts. The company needs to ensure that employees’ rights are protected in
accordance with government legislation and policies. The retrenchment process needs to be
conducted in an equitable fashion.
If the company is going to expand, recruitment of new staff will be necessary. Existing staff
can be retained and upskilled. Unions play a major role in the negotiation of group and
individual contracts. Equal Employment Opportunity legislation has implications for the hiring
of new staff. This includes new employees and the promotion of existing staff.
NESA 2021 HSC Industrial Technology – Timber Products and Furniture Technologies Marking Guidelines

When a furniture company modifies its operations, for example by expanding production and introducing CNC technology, it creates significant career and training opportunities that benefit both workers and the business.

Apprenticeships and recruitment: expansion creates entry-level jobs and apprenticeships, such as a Certificate III in Cabinet Making through TAFE NSW, combining paid on-the-job work with off-the-job study. This builds a skilled workforce for the future.

Upskilling on new technology: introducing a CNC router means existing workers need training in CAD/CAM programming, machine operation and maintenance, through supplier training (e.g. the machine manufacturer) or short courses. This keeps experienced workers employed in higher-skilled, better-paid roles.

Multi-skilling: training workers across several machines or stations lets the company move staff where demand is greatest, improving efficiency and making workers more secure and employable.

Career progression: expansion creates supervisor, quality control, production planning and management roles. Workers who complete leadership or project management courses can be promoted, and the firm keeps knowledge in-house.

If the company downsizes instead, retraining and redeployment can replace redundancies, and workers who keep their skills current are less likely to be made redundant. Training is also legally required for WHS: induction and machine-specific competency training reduce injuries.

Overall, training and career opportunities are vital: they increase productivity, quality and safety for the business and give workers job security, higher pay and promotion.

Memorise pack: S13

• Provides detailed strategies the company could implement to provide
 career and training opportunities to its employees and links the strategy to 9–10
 the desired outcome
• Provides sound strategies the company could implement to provide
 career and training opportunities to its employees and makes some link to 7–8
 the outcome
• Describes some strategies the company could implement to provide
 career and training opportunities to its employees
OR
 5–6
• Identifies a strategy the company could implement to provide career and
 training opportunities to its employees and provides points for and/or
 against the strategy
• Outlines strategies the company could implement to provide career and
 3–4
 training opportunities to its employees
• Provides some relevant information 1–2

Answers could include

Strategies for company expansion:
• Employees have opportunities to train and further develop their knowledge and skills in
 the industry they work in

• If the company brings in a new machinery or technology, it must make sure all employees
 get trained to use the machinery or technology
• All employees must be provided with the opportunity to further their career by training
 through TAFE or universities
• Training to use special machines or technologies through outside agencies or in-house
 training
• On the job training where employees get trained while they are working
• Multi-skilling of employees
• Management opportunities/change structure/leadership opportunities/internship
 traineeships
• Recruitment/hiring of new staff to meet the significant change in demand.
Strategies for downsizing:
• Employees can be retrained
• Voluntary redundancies
• Employees who go for regular training in new courses are not likely to be made redundant
• Part time / casual work
• Government subsidy
• Management structure change.
NESA 2021 HSC Industrial Technology – Timber Products and Furniture Technologies Marking Guidelines
2021 HSC Industrial Technology
Timber Products and Furniture Technologies

Spotted gum (also blackbutt, jarrah, ironbark or tallowwood).

Memorise pack: notes 3.1

• Names one suitable Australian hardwood 1

NESA sample answer

• Jarrah.

Answers could include

• Iron bark
• Spotted gum
• Red mahogany
• Brushbox
• Blackbutt
• Sydney bluegum
• Tallowwood
• Turpentine
• Other Australian hardwoods.

Rounded edges are more comfortable to sit on and safer, as there are no sharp arrises to cut or bruise users. They are also less likely to splinter or chip, and the finish adheres better and lasts longer on a rounded edge than on a sharp one.

Memorise pack: notes 3.8

• Outlines reasons for rounded edges 2
• Identifies a reason for rounded edges 1

NESA sample answer

Rounded edges improve safety by removing sharp edges and decreasing the risk of
splinters. Rounded edges can also improve the appearance of a design.

Answers could include

• Rounded edges decrease the possibility of edges being damaged.
• Rounded edges can decrease production costs due to the fact that adjoining faces can
 contain small defects with less chance of being noticed.
• Rounded edges allow an applied finish to be more durable due to less chance of damage.
• Rounded edges can make a design appear more ‘smooth’ and less harsh to the observer.
• It is easier to apply a finish to a rounded edge as opposed to a sharp edge.
• Finishes tend to ‘pull back’ from sharp edges, leaving a thinner coating.
NESA 2020 HSC Industrial Technology – Timber Products and Furniture Technologies Marking Guidelines

Count each part from the side view and front details (legs, rails, cleats, slats, cross support), take lengths from the drawing, and multiply quantity × length to give the total length for each part. The exact table depends on the diagram; check the 2020 marking guidelines.

Memorise pack: T16

• Calculates/identifies all measurements and quantities 3
• Calculates/identifies most measurements and/or quantities 2
• Provides some relevant measurements or calculations 1

NESA sample answer

Part Quantity required Length Width Thickness Total length
 Leg 4 450 90 42 1800
 Rail 4 175 90 42 700
 Cross support 1 676 90 42 676
 Cleat 2 265 42 42 530
 Slat 3 900 90 30 2700

Use a mortise and tenon joint. Mark the tenon (about one-third of the rail thickness) and the mortise with a mortise gauge set to the chisel width. Cut the mortise in the bottom rail with a mortise chisel or a hollow-chisel mortiser, slightly deeper than the tenon length. Saw the tenon cheeks and shoulders with a tenon saw (or a tenoning jig on the table saw), and pare it to a firm fit. Dry-assemble to check, then glue with an exterior adhesive (e.g. epoxy) and cramp, checking for square.

Memorise pack: T10

• Identifies a suitable joint and outlines the features of its production 4
• Identifies a suitable joint and outlines some of the features of its
 3
 production
• Identifies a joint and provides some information about its production
 2
 OR outlines some features of the production of a suitable timber joint
• Provides some relevant information 1

NESA sample answer

Name of joint: Mortise and tenon joint
Outline of joint production: Mark out the mortise on the rail using appropriate tools. Use a
mallet and chisel, mortising machine, or other suitable machinery to cut the mortise. Repeat
on the opposite rail. Mark out the tenon on the cross support using appropriate tools. Cut the
tenon using a tenon saw, drop saw or other suitable equipment. Dry assemble. Adjust joint to
fit. Repeat on other end of cross support.

Answers could include

• Domino joint
• Dowel joint
• Housing joint.
NESA 2020 HSC Industrial Technology – Timber Products and Furniture Technologies Marking Guidelines

Use an exterior decking oil (a penetrating oil with UV and water repellents). Preparation: fill holes with exterior filler, then sand with the grain through the grits (e.g. 120 then 180). Raise the grain with a damp cloth, let it dry and sand lightly again, then remove all dust. Application: brush or wipe the oil on along the grain, let it soak in, and wipe off the excess after the recommended time. Apply two or three coats, allowing drying time between them, and re-oil regularly as the seat weathers.

Memorise pack: T11

• Names a suitable finish and provides characteristics and features of the
 5
 preparation and application of the finish
• Names a suitable finish and provides characteristics and features of the
 preparation and application of the finish with some minor omissions
OR 4
• Provides detailed characteristics and features of the preparation and
 application of the finish
• Names a finish and/or provides some relevant information relating to the
 2–3
 preparation and/or application of the finish
• Provides some relevant information 1

NESA sample answer

Remove dents, scratches and other imperfections with coarse abrasive paper. If a very fine
surface is required, wipe down with a warm, damp cloth to raise the grain. Allow to dry and
finish with finer abrasive paper, remembering to sand with the grain. Optional: Fill the grain
with appropriate grain filler. Fill any nail holes with appropriate putty. Finish sand with fine
abrasive paper. Remove dust. Apply 3–4 coats of exterior polyurethane with a cloth, brush
or spray. Sand with fine abrasive paper between coats, removing dust before re-coating.
Don’t sand after last coat.

Answers could include

• Exterior oil, varnish, epoxy
• Exterior finish should be specified
• Exterior polyurethane
• Exterior paint.
NESA 2020 HSC Industrial Technology – Timber Products and Furniture Technologies Marking Guidelines
Section III

An environmental impact assessment checks threatened species, waterways and pollution risk, and the site needs waste management and room for dust extraction. Impact on the surrounding population: noise, dust and truck movements mean factories should be in industrial zones away from homes.

Transport facilities: timber products are bulky and heavy, so access to highways, rail and ports cuts freight costs and emissions. A site near the sawmill reduces raw material transport, while a site near the city reduces delivery costs and time to customers.

Land costs and availability: land near Sydney is expensive, while regional land (e.g. near mills in Oberon or Tumut) is cheaper and allows larger factories and storage yards. Workforce and resources: the site needs access to skilled workers (cabinet makers, CNC operators) and reliable power and water.

Legislative requirements also apply: council zoning and development approval, and EPA licensing under the NSW Protection of the Environment Operations Act 1997. Overall, the best location balances land and transport costs with environmental and community impact, which directly affects the viability of the business.

Memorise pack: S8, S7

• Provides comprehensive understanding of the characteristics and
 features of environmental factors that need to be considered when 5
 selecting a new site for the company
• Provides a sound understanding of the characteristics and features of
 environmental factors that need to be considered when selecting a new 4
 site
• Sketches in general terms environmental factors that need to be
 considered when selecting a new site
 3
OR
• Provides characteristics and features of one environmental factor
• Shows some understanding of environmental factors that need to be
 2
 considered when selecting a new site
• Provides some relevant information 1

NESA sample answer

The company needs to consider how the location of its operation will affect endangered
species. For example, if an Environmental Impact Statement were to highlight a negative
impact on endangered species, the business may need to be relocated or strategies
implemented that minimise its impact on the endangered species.
Transportation also needs to be considered. For example, receiving raw materials and
distributing finished products to market would require access to arterial roads, rail,
air/seaports. Being in close proximity to such distribution networks reduces the impact on the
environment. Personal and public transport should also provide efficient access to a
workforce. Fewer cars on the road means fewer emissions.

Answers could include

• Alternative resources: • Location:
 – power – land costs and availability
 – materials – transportation facilities
 – processes – workforce
 – limitations. – impact on surrounding population
 • Recycling and reusing – resource availability
 • Waste management and minimisation – geographical factors
 • Pollution – waste management
 • Sustainable development – environmental studies.
 • Rehabilitation of commercial sites
 • Legislative requirements:
 – local
 – state
 – federal.
NESA 2020 HSC Industrial Technology – Timber Products and Furniture Technologies Marking Guidelines

A timber and furniture company can significantly reduce its continuing environmental impact through sustainable sourcing, waste minimisation, cleaner energy and processes, and responsible finishing. Each strategy has costs as well as benefits.

Sustainable materials: buying FSC or Responsible Wood certified, plantation or recycled timber protects native forests and meets the Illegal Logging Prohibition Act. This also attracts environmentally aware customers, although certified timber can cost more and supply can be limited.

Waste minimisation: CAD/CAM nesting software and economical cutting lists reduce offcuts. Sawdust and shavings can be sold for particleboard, animal bedding or burnt in a biomass boiler to heat kilns. This reduces landfill and saves money, but nesting software and CNC machines need large up-front investment.

Energy: installing rooftop solar with batteries, LED lighting, efficient motors and running energy-hungry kilns off-peak cut greenhouse emissions and power bills. The payback period may be several years.

Finishes and pollution: switching to low-VOC water-based finishes, using filtered spray booths and taking solvents to approved chemical waste facilities reduces air and water pollution and protects workers. Water-based finishes may need more coats.

Product design: durable, repairable furniture, flat-pack transport to reduce freight emissions, and take-back or buy-back schemes extend product life and keep timber out of landfill.

Overall, the most effective strategies are those that cut costs as well as impact, such as waste minimisation, energy efficiency and sustainable sourcing. A formal environmental policy ensures the company complies with legislation and continually improves.

Memorise pack: S9

• Provides detailed strategies the company could implement to minimise its
 9–10
 continuing environmental impact and provides points for and/or against
• Provides sound strategies the company could implement to minimise its
 7–8
 continuing environmental impact and provides points for and/or against
• Describes some strategies the company could implement to minimise its
 continuing environmental impact
OR 5–6
• Identifies a strategy the company could implement to minimise its
 continuing environmental impact and provides points for and/or against
• Outlines strategies the company could implement to minimise its continuing
 3–4
 environmental impact
• Provides some relevant information 1–2

Answers could include

• Recycling
• ‘Green’ energy
• Use of off peak electricity
• Paperless office
• Use alternative resources
• Look for power-saving alternatives like LED light bulbs, motion-sensing to control lighting,
 LED computer monitors etc
• Prioritise buying or replacing equipment and appliances with their better energy rating
 alternatives.
The company must develop an environmental policy to show its commitment to the
regulations, laws as well as other policy mechanisms that are concerned with environmental
issues. Environmental policy affects businesses because the law impels organisations to
change their operational procedures and equipment – which can cost businesses a lot of
money – in order to meet those standards.
Companies must consider using fuel saving measures – power supply for machines, fuel for
trucks, routes taken by trucks, operations at night near communities.
Collecting of old products from roadsides and communities – scheme for metal buy back,
recycling bins in communities for dumping unwanted metal to be collected.
Use of solar energy, use of batteries to store extra solar power to be used at night. Reduce
carbon footprint.
NESA 2020 HSC Industrial Technology – Timber Products and Furniture Technologies Marking Guidelines
2020 HSC Industrial Technology
Timber Products and Furniture Technologies

Strength in all directions (cross-laminated veneers); also stable, available in large sheets, easy to cut and join.

Memorise pack: T5

• Correctly identifies ONE property 1

NESA sample answer

• Strength in all directions.

Answers could include

• Available in large sheets
• Easy to cut and join
• Easy to finish (pre-sanded).

Sketch a housing (trench) joint: show the side panel with a trench about one-third of its thickness deep, and the shelf end fitting into it. Label the side, shelf, trench and depth; a stopped housing hides the joint at the front.

Memorise pack: T8

• Sketches a suitable carcass joint for this situation
 2
• Labels component parts
• Provides some relevant information 1

NESA sample answer

NESA 2019 HSC Industrial Technology – Timber Products and Furniture Technologies Marking Guidelines

Each box needs 5 pieces of 590 × 390 mm. 12 pieces fit on one sheet. 150 × 5 = 750 pieces. 750 ÷ 12 = 62.5, so 63 sheets.

Memorise pack: T16

• Correctly calculates the minimum number of sheets required with all
 3
 working
• Provides some steps in calculating the minimum number of sheets
 required
OR 2
• Correctly calculates the minimum number of sheets required with some
 working
• Provides some relevant information 1

NESA sample answer

For each box – 5 × 590 × 390 required.
For each sheet – 12 pieces per sheet.
Required number of boxes 150 × number of pieces per box 5 = 750 divided by the 12 pieces
per sheet = 62.5
Answer needs to be 63 sheets.

Logs are soaked or steamed and debarked, then peeled into veneers on a rotary lathe. The veneers are clipped to size and dried, which also protects them from fungal decay. Glue is applied and the veneers are arranged with the grain alternating at 90° in an odd number of plies. Heat and pressure in a hot press cure the glue. Finally, the sheet is trimmed to size and sanded to the correct thickness.

Memorise pack: T4

• Describes the process involved in manufacturing the plywood 4
• Outlines the process involved in manufacturing the plywood 3
• Identifies some steps of the process involved in manufacturing the
 2
 plywood
• Provides some relevant information 1

NESA sample answer

Logs soaked in water have their bark removed. The logs are then peeled into veneers using
a rotary lathe. The veneers are then cut into approximate size and then dried. This protects
the wood from fungal decay to increase the mechanical properties of the finished board.
Apply glue and arrange the veneers in alternating grain direction. Heat and pressure are then
applied to cure the glue. Finally, the plywood is cut to the required dimensions and the
surface is sanded to get the correct thickness.
NESA 2019 HSC Industrial Technology – Timber Products and Furniture Technologies Marking Guidelines

Mark out the rebate with a marking gauge: the width equals the 16 mm thickness of the mating panel, and the depth is about half the board's thickness. Clamp the panel securely to the bench. Cut the rebate with a portable router fitted with a rebating bit (or a straight bit and fence), taking several shallow passes to prevent tear-out and maintain accuracy. Clean the corner with a shoulder plane or chisel if required. Dry-assemble to check the fit, then apply PVA, assemble, and nail or screw through the side into the rebate. Cramp, check for square by measuring the diagonals, and wipe off excess glue.

Memorise pack: T10

• Provides a detailed explanation of the processes needed to produce the
 corner rebate joint 5
• Includes relevant hand tools and portable power tools
• Provides an explanation of the processes needed to produce the corner
 rebate joint 4
• Includes relevant hand tools and portable power tools
• Outlines processes needed to produce the corner rebate joint
 3
• Includes relevant hand tools and/or portable power tools
• Outlines a process needed to produce the corner rebate joint
 2
• Includes relevant hand tools and/or portable power tools
• Provides some relevant information 1

NESA sample answer

• Mark out rebate dimensions on corner so that the cutting tool can be placed in the correct
 position
• Fit correct router cutter into router so that the rebate is cut to the correct size and shape
• Adjust depth of cut
• Clamp fence to timber corner at appropriate distance to ensure a straight and accurate cut
• Ensure clear passage for router to ensure the cut can be made in one pacing
• Use PPE to minimise potential risks
• Use router to cut rebate.

Answers could include

• Marking out – details of joint width and depth
• Setting up of tools and machines required. Track saw, router, rebate router cutter, setting
 of fence, depth of cut
• Machinery used to cut rebate
• Assembly and preparation for gluing.
NESA 2019 HSC Industrial Technology – Timber Products and Furniture Technologies Marking Guidelines
Section III

A CNC (computer numerically controlled) nesting router is one new technology transforming furniture and cabinet manufacturing. Parts are designed in CAD, and CAM nesting software arranges them on the sheet with the least waste. The machine then cuts, drills and grooves whole sheets of board automatically, with vacuum hold-down and automatic tool changes. This improves the industry by increasing accuracy and repeatability, cutting material waste and labour time, and allowing custom-sized kitchen and wardrobe cabinets to be produced quickly at mass-production cost.

Other technologies have also benefited the industry. Drones and LiDAR map forests and count trees, improving harvest planning and sustainability, and 3D printing and CAD allow fast prototypes, so clients can approve designs before production.

Memorise pack: S4, S5

• Provides a detailed description of how new or emerging technologies
 5
 have benefited the timber products and furniture industry
• Shows a sound understanding of how new or emerging technologies
 4
 have benefited the timber products and furniture industry
• Shows some understanding of how new or emerging technologies have
 2–3
 benefited the timber products and furniture industry
• Provides some relevant information 1

NESA sample answer

Examples of new and emerging technologies could include: 3D printing, battery
development, mobile phone accessories and robots.
3D printing provides a visual graphical model that can aid the design process and the
development of realistic simulations and the production of individual units. The development
of recent battery technology allows for the extended off-line use of technical equipment.
Mobile phone accessories have enhanced communication across the work force as well as
providing a means for using more sophisticated apps to carry out on-site data collection.
Robots support and provide access to flexible manufacturing systems (FMS) because they
can be relatively easily reprogrammed and positioned as necessary to carry out specific and
repetitive tasks.
New and emerging technologies have greatly benefitted the multimedia industry. New
technology has allowed the multimedia industry to be highly innovative, whilst also improving
the efficiency and quality of products and services. It has enabled more comprehensive
communication between managers and employees, as well as provide customers with a
diverse and engaging customer experience. The efficiency and quality of multimedia
products has greatly improved as a result of emerging technology. Manual labour and old
mechanised processes can be replaced to improve efficiency.
New and emerging technologies can have multiple benefits to the timber industry, such as
increases in productivity, accuracy and quality of work and/or products. With the increase in
the quality of a product, the industry benefits from increased revenue and profit, and increase
in customer satisfaction, leading to a better image for the company within the general public,
leading to increased sales.
The introduction of computer numerical control (CNC) machines to an industry can have
many benefits. A decrease in worker injury due to the fact that tedious processes are being
done by a machine 24/7. CNC removes the issue of human error, as it can reproduce the
same product, repeatedly with accuracy. Adaptability is another benefit, as CNC machines
can be easily set to run different ‘part’ programs with the addition of a change in code. All of
these improves the use of time in a business, which in turn can increase the profit margin for
a business.
Regenerative braking is used in vehicles to recharge the battery when the brakes are
applied. The kinetic energy from the movement of the car is turned into electric energy and
stored in the battery. This means the engine has turned into a generator, converting energy
so that it can be stored and reused. This is beneficial to the environment because it is
recycling energy, which in turn boosts the image of the car manufacturer which is beneficial
to the industry.
NESA 2019 HSC Industrial Technology – Timber Products and Furniture Technologies Marking Guidelines

Employees often resist new technology such as CNC routers or automated edge banders because they fear job loss, loss of status or having to learn new skills. An employer can overcome this resistance with consultation, training, job security measures and sharing the benefits, though each strategy has costs.

Consultation and communication: involving workers and unions early, explaining why the technology is needed and how it will affect jobs, builds trust and meets legal consultation requirements under the Fair Work Act and WHS Act. It takes time but greatly reduces disputes.

Training and upskilling: providing paid training in CAD/CAM programming and machine operation lets existing workers move into higher-skilled roles. It costs money and lost production time, but keeps experienced staff and their product knowledge.

Job security and redeployment: guaranteeing no forced redundancies, redeploying workers to new roles or offering voluntary redundancies to those who prefer to leave reduces fear. However, it may limit the labour savings from the technology.

Sharing the benefits: point out that automation removes dangerous, dusty, repetitive tasks, improving WHS, and that productivity gains can fund pay rises, bonuses or more interesting work. Trial and gradual introduction: piloting the technology with willing "champions" before full rollout lets others see that it works and lowers anxiety.

Overall, consultation combined with training is the most effective strategy, because it addresses the real causes of resistance. The employer gains efficiency and the workers gain skills and security, so the technology is accepted rather than resisted.

Memorise pack: S14

• Provides a detailed discussion of strategies to overcome employee
 10
 resistance providing points for and/or against
• Provides a sound discussion of strategies to overcome employee
 8–9
 resistance providing points for and/or against
• Provides some discussion of a strategy(ies) to overcome employee
 5–7
 resistance providing points for and/or against
• Sketches in general terms a strategy(ies) to overcome resistance to
 3–4
 emerging technologies
• Provides some relevant information 1–2

Answers could include

Employers: Employees:
 • Conduct a cost/benefit analysis • Opportunity for upskilling
 • Investigate government support • Reluctance to learn new ideas
 • Need to develop a sound business plan • Possibility of loss of employment
 • Benefits of possible staff reduction costs • Possible increased remuneration
 • Benefits of increased • Increased opportunities for overtime
 productivity/efficiency • Cleaner work environment
 • Reduction in use of raw materials • Opportunity for more interesting work
 • Waste reduction • Improved WHS
 • Improved WHS
 • Consultation with employees
 • Offer of voluntary redundancies
NESA 2019 HSC Industrial Technology – Timber Products and Furniture Technologies Marking Guidelines
2019 HSC Industrial Technology
Timber Products and Furniture Technologies

Router (with a bearing-guided rebating bit).

Memorise pack: T15

• Identifies the most appropriate power tool 1

NESA sample answer

Router.

Measure both diagonals from corner to corner with a tape measure. If the diagonals are equal (and opposite sides are equal), the frame is square; if not, adjust the cramps until they are.

Memorise pack: T15

• Provides a clear outline of a method used for checking a rectangular
 2
 frame for square
• Provides some relevant information 1

NESA sample answer

Use a tape measure to check diagonals across frame. When measurements are the same, it
is square, as long as opposing sides are equal.

HMR (high moisture resistant) melamine-faced particleboard is suitable. It is made with moisture-resistant resin, so it resists swelling in the humid bathroom. It is dimensionally stable, and its melamine surface is waterproof and easy to clean. With the edges sealed by edge banding, it lasts well at low cost. (Marine or exterior plywood would also be justified because of its water-resistant glue.)

Memorise pack: T5

• Provides a clear justification of the suitability of an appropriate
 3
 manufactured board
• Provides information about a suitable manufactured board 2
• Identifies a suitable manufactured board 1

NESA sample answer

Suitable manufactured boards could include marine ply, exterior ply and HMR particle board.
These offer dimensional stability to resist movement in moist environments. They also use
water resistant adhesives to resist damage due to water.
NESA 2018 HSC Industrial Technology – Timber Products and Furniture Technologies Marking Guidelines

A strip inlay can be set using a router. Cut the inlay strip accurately to width and thickness on a saw. Set a router with a straight bit the same width as the inlay and a fence, and test the depth on scrap. Rout a trench parallel to the edge, square the ends of the trench with a chisel, and cut the inlay ends square. Glue the strip in, cramp, and when it is dry plane or scrape it flush. The technique is accurate and repeatable, and it adds a decorative contrasting feature that increases the value of the piece.

Memorise pack: notes 3.8

• Provides detailed description of one technique of inlaying timber including
 4
 benefits of this technique
• Provides description of one technique of inlaying timber and/or a benefit 3
• Provides main features of one technique of inlaying timber and/or a
 2
 benefit
• Demonstrates basic understanding of inlaying timber 1

NESA sample answer

Inlaying timber requires accurate measuring and cutting to ensure that there are no gaps.
One technique would be to cut the timber to be inlayed on a sliding panel saw. This will
ensure that it is cut accurately to the desired size. The timber to be removed for the inlay
could be done with a router which has the same size straight bit as the width of the inlay. The
router would be used with a fence to enable the trench to be cut consistently and parallel to
the edge of the timber. Experimenting prior to cutting on the desired timber should be done to
get the correct depth. Once this is completed the ends of the trench would be cut square with
a chisel, and the ends of the inlay cut square with a drop saw.

Full-extension metal runners carry heavy loads smoothly on ball bearings and let the drawer open fully, so the whole drawer is accessible. They are fast to install with templates in mass production, and the drawer can be removed without unscrewing the runner. Timber runners are cheap to make from offcuts and can be custom-made for any drawer size. With kickers and side guides they control sideways and tipping movement, and they are easy to replace when worn. They also suit traditional furniture.

Memorise pack: notes 3.5

• Provides detailed description of TWO advantages for each drawer runner
 5
 shown
• Provides description of TWO advantages of each of the drawer runners
 3–4
 shown
• Provides a characteristic OR feature of ONE advantage of each of the
 drawer runners shown
OR 2
• Provides a basic understanding of TWO advantages of one or both
 runners
• Provides a basic understanding of ONE advantage of the drawer runner/s
 1
 shown

NESA sample answer

Full extension runners provide ease of assembly in mass production settings and offer
superior strength and weight holding while allowing for full extension from the furniture unit.
This full extension allows for easier access to the contents of the whole drawer. Full
extension runners can be installed easily with the aid of templates and the drawers can be
fully removed from the cabinet without the need to unscrew the runner from the drawer or
cabinet.
Timber runners are very cheap to produce and can provide full access to the rear of the
drawer in the configuration shown with a top runner installed. Timber runners can be
customised and built to accommodate specific sized drawers. Sideways movement of the
drawer can be minimised with the addition of the edge rails shown. Timber runners are very
easily replaced at any time if they wear out.
NESA 2018 HSC Industrial Technology – Timber Products and Furniture Technologies Marking Guidelines
Section III

Land costs and availability: land near Sydney is expensive, while regional land (e.g. near mills in Oberon or Tumut) is cheaper and allows larger factories and storage yards.

Transport facilities: timber products are bulky and heavy, so access to highways, rail and ports cuts freight costs and emissions. A site near the sawmill reduces raw material transport, while a site near the city reduces delivery costs and time to customers. The business must weigh cheaper land against higher distribution costs.

For example, a dining furniture maker in Sydney pays high land costs or rent but has short delivery trips to customers. A factory near the mills in Oberon pays less for land and raw-material freight but more to deliver bulky finished products to the city. Whichever balance gives the lower total cost per product improves the business's viability.

Memorise pack: S8

• Provides an explanation of how land costs and transportation facilities
 affect the viability of a business in the timber products and furniture 5
 industry
• Shows a sound understanding of how land costs and transportation
 facilities affect the viability of a business in the timber products and 4
 furniture industry and provides some explanation
• Shows some understanding of how land costs and/or transportation
 2–3
 facilities affect businesses
• Provides some relevant information 1

NESA sample answer

The timber industry commonly has large and/or heavy products to distribute. This has
significant effects on land and transportation within the industry. For example, a business
that manufactures dining room tables and chairs needs to evaluate the benefits of more
expensive land costs closer to the city and weigh this up against the cost of transportation of
delivery of products due to shorter delivery distances. The closer the land to the target
market (city) the greater the costs, however, a reduction in delivery costs includes time.

Answers could include

• Cause and effect > expensive inner city land > cheaper transportation due to closeness
 for delivery.
• Cheaper land close to saw mills in rural NSW would be financially better in regards to land
 costs and transport. Closer to saw mill > cheaper land > cheaper transportation of raw
 materials to factory > outweighs greater distribution transport costs of final products.
• Cost of leasing / cost of maintaining loan.
NESA 2018 HSC Industrial Technology – Timber Products and Furniture Technologies Marking Guidelines

Resource management is the management of all of a business's resources: materials, equipment, energy, people, waste and administration. Changes in each have had a largely positive effect on the timber and furniture industry, although they need significant investment.

Resource management: CNC beam saws and computerised stock and administration systems track materials accurately and reduce over-ordering, waste and labour. A paperless office and efficient truck routing reduce resource use further.

The value of a CNC beam saw or nesting router is high: it costs a lot to buy, but it produces components faster and more accurately than workers, so labour and material costs per unit fall and profits rise.

Sustainable materials: buying FSC or Responsible Wood certified, plantation or recycled timber protects native forests and meets the Illegal Logging Prohibition Act. This also attracts environmentally aware customers, although certified timber can cost more and supply can be limited.

Waste minimisation: CAD/CAM nesting software and economical cutting lists reduce offcuts. Sawdust and shavings can be sold for particleboard, animal bedding or burnt in a biomass boiler to heat kilns. This reduces landfill and saves money, but nesting software and CNC machines need large up-front investment.

Changes in managing native forest resources have also affected the industry. Victoria and Western Australia ended native forest logging from 1 January 2024, forcing manufacturers to use plantation, imported or recycled timber. This was positive for forests but costly for mills and their workers.

Energy: installing rooftop solar with batteries, LED lighting, efficient motors and running energy-hungry kilns off-peak cut greenhouse emissions and power bills. The payback period may be several years.

Overall, changes in resource management have been highly valuable. They have reduced waste and costs, improved sustainability and made businesses more competitive, although small firms find the up-front costs hard to meet.

Memorise pack: S9, S5, S7

• Provides detailed evaluation of changes that have taken place in resource
 10
 management with a clear determined value
• Provides a sound evaluation of changes that have taken place in
 8–9
 resource management with a clear determined value
• Provides assessment of changes that have taken place in resource
 management with valued outcomes
OR 5–7
• Provides an evaluation of a change that has taken place in resource
 management with clear determined value(s)
• Provides some explanation of change(s) in resource management and
 3–4
 its/their effect(s)
• Provides some relevant information about resource management 1–2

Answers could include

Resource management has undergone significant changes in the timber industry.
• Resource management is the management of all resources, equipment, tools, people,
 waste, materials, buildings and administration.
• In the timber industry, equipment used to convert planks of timber into furniture has
 changed significantly. CNC machinery is now used extensively to convert the raw material
 into furniture components.
• The value of CNC machinery is that although it is initially expensive regarding set-up costs
 (purchasing and installation of equipment, eg $200 000) it leads to significantly cheaper
 costs of producing timber components. This is because a CNC machine, for example a
 CNC beam saw, is able to produce components significantly faster and as accurately as
 workers in the industry. This means significant savings in labour costs, yet a higher
 production rate which therefore produces greater profits for the business.
• Resource management of administration within the industry has undergone significant
 changes. All administration such as invoicing, payments, pay, equipment auditing,
 material auditing, can now be done on one computer in the business office.
• By having all the data for all areas on one computer it means just one person can manage
 all the administration in one place. This has changed from previous years and methods,
 as it allows all these different administrative areas to be covered by just one person in one
 place. This has brought significant savings in labour costs which means the business has
 greater profits.
NESA 2018 HSC Industrial Technology – Timber Products and Furniture Technologies Marking Guidelines
2018 HSC Industrial Technology
Timber Products and Furniture Technologies

Jigsaw.

Memorise pack: T15

• Identifies correct portable power tool 1

Answers could include

Reciprocating saw, jigsaw, router.

Recycled timber is old, well-seasoned and stable, and has an attractive rustic character. Reusing it also reduces the need to fell new trees and keeps timber out of landfill, lowering environmental impact.

Memorise pack: T14

• Provides a detailed description of benefits of using recycled timber in
 2
 furniture production
 • Outlines an advantage of using recycled timber 1

Answers could include

• Quality old seasoned timber for working
• Aesthetic look – old seasoned timber (rustic)
• Less deforestation/environmental impact
• Carbon footprint
• Stable boards
• Native timbers.
NESA 2017 HSC Industrial Technology – Timber Products and Furniture Technologies Marking Guidelines

Use low-VOC water-based finishes instead of solvent-based ones to reduce air pollution. Spray only in booths with filters that capture overspray and fumes. Never pour leftover finish or solvents down drains; take them, and used rags, brushes and newspaper, to approved chemical waste facilities. Buy and mix only the amount needed to reduce waste.

Memorise pack: T11

• Provides a clear description of the practices used to minimise the
 3
 environmental issues associated with timber finishing
• Provides a description of the practices used to minimise the environmental
 issues associated with timber finishing
OR 2
• Provides a detailed description of ONE practice used to minimise the
 environmental issues associated with timber finishing
• Provides a basic understanding of practices used to minimise the
 1
 environmental issues associated with timber finishing

NESA sample answer

• Discarded varnish, turpentine, finish to be disposed of at an approved chemical waste
 facility
• Discarded newspaper, rags, brushes to be disposed of at an approved waste facility
• Using water-based varnish eg polyurethane for a less negative impact on the environment
• Spray booths have filtering systems to catch hazardous environmental chemicals.

First, mechanical strength: the flared tails and pins interlock, so the drawer front cannot be pulled off when the drawer is opened, even if the glue fails. This makes the drawer durable through years of use. Second, appearance: visible dovetails are attractive and signal quality craftsmanship, adding value to the furniture. They can be cut by hand or with a router jig for faster production.

Memorise pack: T8

• Provides a clear description of TWO benefits of using dovetail joints in
 4
 drawer construction
• Provides a description of TWO benefits of using dovetail joints in drawer
 3
 construction
• Provides a limited description of TWO benefits of using dovetail joints in
 drawer construction
OR 2
• Provides a detailed description of ONE benefit of using dovetail joints in
 drawer construction
• Outlines a main feature of ONE benefit of using dovetail joints
OR 1
• Provides a basic understanding of dovetail joints

Answers could include

• Mechanical strength – allows for continual opening and closing of drawer without relying
 on strength of glue
• Aesthetic quality of dovetail joint
• Can be hand and/or machine produced.
NESA 2017 HSC Industrial Technology – Timber Products and Furniture Technologies Marking Guidelines

Make a former of the rocker curve from layers of MDF. Rip thin strips of timber on the table saw and keep them in order. Dry-clamp the strips to the former to check the curve. Apply glue (urea-formaldehyde or epoxy) to one side of each strip, stack them, and clamp them around the former from the centre outwards, or press them in a vacuum bag. Remove excess glue and check the curve for twist. Leave the glue to cure, then remove the clamps, clean the edges, shape the ends and finish.

Memorise pack: T6

• Provides a detailed description of the process to produce a laminated
 5
 curved component of a rocking chair
 • Provides a sound description of the process to produce a laminated curved
 3–4
 component of a rocking chair
 • Provides a limited description of the process of producing a laminated
 2
 curved component in general terms
 • Provides some relevant information in producing a laminated component 1

NESA sample answer

• Rip timber strips on table saw
• Produce a former/template of curve
• Dry clamp to check curve
• Glue one side of each strip
• Clamp strips around former/vacuum bag
• Remove excess glue
• Check curve/twist slip square etc
• Leave to dry/cure
• Remove clamps from former
• Finish curved piece.
NESA 2017 HSC Industrial Technology – Timber Products and Furniture Technologies Marking Guidelines
Section III

Training opportunities are important to a timber worker because they lead to higher skills, job security, safety and promotion.

Upskilling on new technology: introducing a CNC router means existing workers need training in CAD/CAM programming, machine operation and maintenance, through supplier training (e.g. the machine manufacturer) or short courses. This keeps experienced workers employed in higher-skilled, better-paid roles.

For example, a machinist in a cabinet factory who completes CAD/CAM and CNC programming training can move from operating a panel saw to programming the CNC nesting router. This is a higher-paid role, and it protects the worker if manual cutting jobs are automated.

Training is also legally required for WHS: induction and machine-specific competency training reduce injuries.

Training such as a project management or supervisor course also shows commitment and can lead to promotion to leading hand or production manager.

Memorise pack: S13

• Demonstrates detailed understanding of the importance of training
 opportunities for a worker in the timber industry 5
• Uses an appropriate example
• Demonstrates some understanding of the importance of training
 opportunities for a worker in the timber industry 3–4
• Uses an appropriate example
• Indicates how training impacts on a worker 1–2

NESA sample answer

If a worker engages in training opportunities this will present positive future opportunities.
Training opportunities are increasingly available for the focus industry worker. Training
opportunities may include a small onsite two-hour demonstration, a full day workshop, a
TAFE course or an online university course.
These training opportunities allow workers to accelerate themselves in a leadership and
management position, which provides them with an increased salary that would allow a
greater amount on the leisure spending.
For example: a timber industry worker may complete a project management course one night
a week for six months at a training institution. On completion of this course, this would
indicate to the employer that the worker is dedicated and committed to being promoted to
project management, which attracts a higher salary. Perhaps this qualification is an industry
requirement for being promoted to project management, the effect of this would allow the
worker to be promoted as a ‘fill in’ for this position if the need arose in the short term,
thereby the worker gains experience in this position.
For example: if a multimedia worker was given the opportunity to train in software design by
the employee, this would indicate a positive opportunity for a number of reasons. First of all
such an opportunity would allow the worker free training and possibly some work time to
study in. Secondly it would suggest that if the worker completed the training, the employer
would wish to retrain the worker adding security to their position. Training in software design
is valuable in the multimedia industry and therefore the effect would suggest higher salary as
well.
NESA 2017 HSC Industrial Technology – Timber Products and Furniture Technologies Marking Guidelines

Technical factors (mechanisation, specialisation, mass production, automation and new technology) have had a largely positive impact on the timber products and furniture industry. They have greatly increased efficiency, consistency and affordability, although they have reduced customisation and some jobs and require large investment.

Mass production makes large numbers of identical products from standardised parts. Automation uses computer-controlled machines (CNC routers, beam saws, edge banders) with little human input; mechanisation (e.g. a forklift) uses machines operated by people.

Mechanisation, such as forklifts, panel saws and powered feeders, lets one worker move and cut far more material than by hand, raising output per labour hour.

Specialisation, where workers repeat one task, increases speed but can cause boredom and repetitive strain, so many firms now multi-skill workers instead.

Impact on efficiency and cost: a CNC beam saw or nesting router can cut and drill a full sheet of particleboard in minutes, run long shifts and reproduce parts exactly. Flat-pack manufacturers such as IKEA combine mass-produced board components with knock-down fittings, so furniture is cheap to make, store and ship. Lower unit costs mean lower prices and wider access for consumers.

Impact on quality and waste: automation removes human error, so every part is identical and joints fit, improving quality control. CAM nesting software minimises offcuts, reducing material costs and environmental impact.

Impact on the workforce: automation reduces demand for unskilled machine operators and traditional hand skills, causing job losses and resistance. It also creates new skilled roles in CNC programming, CAD design and machine maintenance, and removes workers from dangerous tasks at saws, improving WHS.

Limitations: automated lines are very expensive for small businesses, and mass production suits standard products rather than one-off pieces. Small workshops survive by making bespoke solid-timber furniture.

Overall, mass production and automation have transformed the industry from craft workshops into efficient factories. Their benefits in productivity, consistency, safety and price outweigh the costs, provided businesses retrain workers and keep space for customised, high-value products.

Memorise pack: S5

• Provides a detailed analysis of the effect of the technical factors and
 detailed implications for the efficiency of production in the timber
 industry 10
 • Provides a logical and cohesive response that include industry terminology
 and specific industry examples
 • Provides an analysis of the effect of the technical factors and implications
 for the efficiency of production in the timber industry
 8–9
 • Provides a logical response that includes industry terminology and
 industry examples
 • Provides some explanation of the technical factors and the implications for
 the efficiency of production in the timber industry
 5–7
 • Provides a response that includes industry terminology and industry
 examples
 • Attempts to provide some explanation of technical factor(s) and the effect
 they have on production 3–4
 • Communicates information using industry example(s)
 • Provides some relevant information of technical factor(s) or production 1–2
This question requires the candidate to draw out and relate how components of technical
factors affect/have implications for the efficiency of production.

Answers could include

• CAM > waste minimisation > minimise effects on the environment
• Robots > WHS > healthier workforce / less sick leave
• Mass production > labour costs > 24/7 production without any overtime costs
• Mechanism (mechanical engineering) > production rate / quality control > more units per
 hour / all at required minimum standard
• Mechanisation
• Automation
• Specialisation
• New emerging technologies.
NESA 2017 HSC Industrial Technology – Timber Products and Furniture Technologies Marking Guidelines
2017 HSC Industrial Technology
Timber Products and Furniture Technologies

It identifies the face side (the face mark), the reference surface from which all other faces, edges and measurements are worked.

Memorise pack: notes 3.6

• Provides a correct answer 1

NESA sample answer

Identify the face side.

Place the dressed boards edge to edge with the growth rings alternated, and mark the biscuit positions across each joint. Using a biscuit jointer referenced from the face side, cut matching slots in both edges. Glue the slots and edges, insert the biscuits, bring the boards together and cramp with sash cramps, alternating above and below. Check for flatness and wipe off excess glue.

Memorise pack: T9

• Provides characteristics and features of making a widening joint using a
 3
 portable power tool
• Sketches in general terms how to make a widening joint using a portable
 2
 power tool
• Provides a feature of making a widening joint 1

NESA sample answer

Put the boards side by side (edge to edge) and mark the position of the biscuit. Using a biscuit
cutter, cut the slots on both the boards. Put glue in the slots and put biscuits in the slots in one
board. Put two boards together and cramp the boards using a sash cramp.

Answers could include

1. The above process could use a portable drill to drill holes for dowels then glue and cramp.
2. The same could be done using a domino machine.
3. A router could be used to cut a groove in both the boards then insert a tongue and glue the
 boards.

Both protect and enhance timber and can be brushed or sprayed. Oil-based finishes give a warm amber depth, level well and are very hard-wearing with fewer coats, but they dry slowly, smell strongly, are flammable and yellow with age. Water-based finishes dry quickly so they can be recoated sooner, stay clear, have low odour and clean up with water. However, they need more coats and lack the rich glow of oil.

Memorise pack: T11

• Demonstrates an understanding of the similarities and/or differences in
 3
 uses of oil-based and water-based finishes on timber
• Demonstrates limited understanding of the similarities and/or differences
 2
 between oil-based and water-based finishes
• Gives a use of an oil-based or water-based finish 1

NESA sample answer

Oil-based finish
• Looks better, lasts longer, costs less, leaves an amber glow and requires fewer coats
• Good ‘levelling’ (brush strokes fill themselves in to create a smooth finish)
• Hard, durable finish, oil-based poly wears better than ANY water-borne finish; oil-based
 finishes have a more natural appearance in comparison, gives the wood more depth and
 more colour.
Disadvantages – requires a five-hour wait between coats. Strong odour, flammable, yellows
over time.
Water-based finish
• Clear finish, low odour, can be recoated after two hours, clean tools with water.
Disadvantages – they won’t give that rich glow that oil-based finishes impart, need to apply
four coats for water-based compared to two or three for oil-based. Water-based may need a
recoat every two years.

Grind the bevel on a bench grinder at about 25° to remove the damage, dipping the chisel in water often so it does not overheat and lose its temper. Then hone a secondary bevel at about 30° on an oilstone or waterstone using the correct lubricant. Finally, remove the burr from the back on the stone or a leather strop.

Memorise pack: T15

• Provides characteristics and features of sharpening the blade of the chisel 3
• Provides features of how the blade can be sharpened 2
• Provides a feature of sharpening the blade 1

NESA sample answer

Grind the chisel using a bench grinder. Grinding angle is 20–25 degrees. The chisel has to be
dipped in cold water often to prevent heating.
Use an oilstone to sharpen. Sharpening angle 25–30 degrees. Use petroleum based oils for
sharpening on oilstones. Water stones use water as lubricant. Remove burr on a piece of wood
or leather strap.

Manufactured boards are available in large sheets, such as 2400 × 1200 mm, so the top can be made in one piece without widening joints, saving time and avoiding joints opening. They are dimensionally stable because cross-laminated veneers or randomly arranged particles prevent shrinking, swelling, cupping and warping, so the top stays flat. They have uniform strength with no knots or splits, and plywood does not split when fixed near its edges. A veneer of figured timber gives the look of an expensive species economically. They are usually cheaper than solid timber, and they make use of residues and small plantation logs.

Memorise pack: T5

• Provides advantages of why manufactured boards are used 5
• Provides limited advantages of using manufactured boards 3–4
• Provides a basic understanding of manufactured boards 1–2

Answers could include

• High uniform strength
• Freedom from shrinking, swelling and warping
• Non-splitting qualities; solid wood splits fairly readily along the grain. Plywood by virtue
 of the cross laminations can be nailed or screwed near the edges without damage from
 splitting.
• Availability of relatively large sizes
• Economical and effective utilisation of figured wood
• Dense woods can be sliced and bonded into plywood panels for use in furniture
 construction
• Usually cheaper than solid timber.
Section III

The purpose of risk assessment is to identify hazards, assess how likely and how severe the harm could be, and decide on controls to eliminate or minimise the risk before work starts. It follows four steps: identify the hazard, assess the risk (likelihood × consequence), control it using the hierarchy of control, and review the controls. For example, before a cabinet maker uses a spindle moulder, a risk assessment identifies hazards such as contact with cutters, kickback, noise and dust. It rates the risk as high and sets controls: guards and power-feed, dust extraction, hearing and eye protection, and only trained, authorised operators. This protects workers, meets the employer's legal duty under the WHS Act, and reduces injuries, sick leave and costs, making the business more efficient.

Memorise pack: S3

• Provides a good understanding of the main features of the purpose of risk
 assessment in the timber products and furniture industry 5
• Provides a relevant industry example
• Provides an understanding of the main features of the purpose of risk
 assessment in the timber products and furniture industry 4
• Provides a relevant industry example
• Sketches in general terms the purpose of risk assessment in the timber
 products and furniture industry 3
• Provides an industry example
• Provides a feature of the purpose of risk assessment in the timber products
 and furniture industry 2
• May provide an example
• Provides some relevant information 1

NESA sample answer

The purpose of risk assessment within the timber industry is to identify, eliminate, remove or
minimise hazards for workers in the industry.
For example, prior to using a power tool a worker will have completed or accessed a risk
assessment for the power tool. This will contain information about the correct use, what PPE
is required and level of hazards identified in using the equipment. The worker will have had
the safe use of the tool demonstrated, have demonstrated theoretical knowledge in its safe use,
and demonstrated safe use in using the tool.
This process clearly demonstrates all hazards and risks associated with using the tool to be
made safer by minimising them.

Answers could include

A risk assessment involves measuring the degree of harm that could be inflicted on someone
who is exposed to a hazard.
WorkCover (NSW) — action plan for risk assessment:
1 Work out how severe the harm could be
2 Work out how hazards may cause harm
3 Work out likelihood of harm occurring.
The purpose of risk assessment is to determine the harm that could happen to a worker in the
timber industry. Completing a risk assessment indicates that risks have been identified,
including the severity and likelihood of the harm to a worker.
Once a risk assessment is done, various hazard controls can be adopted.
A risk assessment allows workers in the timber industry to work safely due to the identity,
measurement of severity of harm, and control of hazards. This not only means fewer injuries,
but also fewer days sick leave which means a more efficient industry in both costing and time.

Historical developments in manufacturing processes, materials and work practices have moved the timber and furniture industry from hand craft to automated mass production. This has made furniture more affordable, consistent and safe, although it has reduced traditional skills and some jobs.

Before the Industrial Revolution, furniture was made by hand by skilled craftsmen using hand saws, planes and chisels. Production was slow and expensive, and quality depended on the individual maker. The Industrial Revolution brought steam-powered sawmills and machinery, such as the circular saw and powered planers, which greatly increased output.

In 1859 Michael Thonet's steam-bent beech No. 14 chair was made from a few standard parts by semi-skilled workers and shipped in parts. This early mass production and flat-pack thinking made furniture affordable.

In the 20th century, electric motors made individual machines and portable power tools (routers, drills, biscuit jointers) common. This improved precision, reduced physical labour and allowed small workshops to mechanise.

Manufactured boards were a major materials development: plywood, then particleboard and MDF from the mid-20th century. They used waste and small logs, came in large stable sheets and suited fast assembly with knock-down fittings, which led to flat-pack firms such as IKEA.

In the late 20th century, CNC machining and CAD/CAM allowed highly precise, repeatable and complex cuts and custom sizing at factory speed. Today CNC nesting routers, automatic edge banders and engineered timbers such as glulam and CLT (used in International House Sydney, 2017) continue this change. Work practices changed with the technology: specialised production-line jobs replaced the all-round craftsman, and later multi-skilling, WHS law and training in CNC programming emerged.

Negative effects include loss of hand skills and jobs, environmental pressure from mass consumption, and lower-quality disposable furniture. Overall, historical developments have shaped the industry positively, greatly improving productivity, precision, safety and affordability.

Memorise pack: S6

• Provides a detailed explanation of the influence of particular historical
 developments on the timber products and furniture industry
 10
• Provides a logical and cohesive response that includes industry
 terminology and specific industry examples
• Provides an effective explanation of the influence of particular historical
 developments on the timber products and furniture industry
 8–9
• Provides a logical response that includes industry terminology and
 industry examples
• Provides some explanation of the influence of particular historical
 developments on the timber products and furniture industry
• Provides a response that includes industry terminology and industry
 examples
OR 5–7
• Provides a detailed explanation of the influence of ONE particular
 historical development on the timber products and furniture industry
• Provides a response that includes industry terminology and an industry
 example
• Attempts to provide explanation of the influence of particular historical
 developments on the timber products and furniture industry 3–4
• Communicates information using industry example(s)
• Provides some relevant information relating to historical development(s) 1–2

Answers could include

The timber industry started with mostly hand tools and some basic machines like a table saw
and thicknesser.
The introduction of new machines and portable power tools, like a domino machine or biscuit
jointer, have revolutionised the timber industry. Furniture can now be mass produced easily
and quickly.
Recently the introduction of the CNC lathe and the CNC milling machine have enabled the
timber industry to produce quality furniture quickly and with a smaller workforce.
As a result of these power tools the timber industry has been able to mass produce furniture
and make huge profits. At the same time people have lost jobs due to the introduction of these
machines.
The introduction of new materials has positively influenced the furniture industry. The quality
of products has improved greatly. More people are now buying products made with these new
materials, which means more profit for timber companies.
New timber finishes have also positively influenced the furniture industry. Products have
better finishes so more people are buying them. This means more profits, new machines,
technologies, materials and finishes have produced better quality products, thus delivering
huge profits. At the same time people have lost jobs.
2016 HSC Industrial Technology
Timber Products and Furniture Technologies

To test that all joints fit accurately before gluing (and to set the cramps and rehearse the glue-up).

Memorise pack: notes 3.9

• Provides a relevant purpose of dry cramping 1

NESA sample answer

Dry cramping is used as part of the test fitting process to ensure all joints fit neatly prior to
gluing.

Answers could include

• Test joints for accurate fit
• To set all cramps in position prior to gluing
• Check for square/flatness
• To familiarise yourself with the order and processes required for efficient gluing
 operations.

Timber moves as its moisture content changes, and back-sawn boards tend to cup. If all the boards are laid with their rings the same way, the cupping adds up across the whole top, causing a large curve. By alternating the growth rings, each board cups in the opposite direction to its neighbour, so the movement is balanced. The top stays flatter and can be fastened securely to the frame.

Memorise pack: T9

• Provides a detailed description of why timber may distort AND how the
 3
 alternation of boards in a widening joint can minimise distortion
 • Provides a sound description of why timber may distort OR outlines how
 the alternation of boards in a widening joint may minimise distortion
 OR 2
 • Provides a limited description of why timber may distort AND how the
 alternation of boards in a widening joint can minimise distortion
 • Provides a basic outline or lists a reason to alternate boards in a widening
 joint
 1
 OR
 • Limited understanding of how it limits distortion evident

NESA sample answer

Timber is prone to movement (cupping or distortion). When creating a widening jointed
board such as a table top, failure to alternate the boards’ grain direction can exacerbate
cupping or distortion of the timbers. In the case of a table top this could create effective
cupping across the entire width of the jointed boards. By alternating the grain the possibility
of cupping is balanced out by flipping the direction of cupping between each board and thus
providing a flatter top, which can be more securely fastened.

The Festool Domino loose-tenon joint. First, it is much faster than a hand-cut mortise and tenon: a machine cuts matching mortises and a ready-made domino is glued in. Second, it is accurate and repeatable, and the large gluing area gives strength similar to a traditional mortise and tenon, reducing production time and cost.

Memorise pack: T7

• Identifies an appropriate new joint technology AND provides relevant
 3
 examples
 • Identifies an appropriate new joint technology AND provides a relevant
 advantage
 OR
 • Demonstrates a sound understanding of some of the characteristics and 2
 features that make new joint technologies advantageous
 OR
 • Provides two partially accurate advantages
 • Provides an advantage of new joint technologies
 OR 1
 • Lists an example of a joint

NESA sample answer

An alternative joint to a traditional mortise and tenon is the festo domino joint. The domino
has two advantages: firstly it is quick to produce, replacing hand cut joint members with a
machine cut mortise into which dominos (tenons) are glued. The large gluing area maintains
the joint strength offered by a mortise and tenon. The domino is secondly fast and accurate to
produce, significantly reducing production time while providing accurate, quality joints.

Answers could include

• Knock down fitting
• Brackets and clip lock fittings
• Domino joints
• Flat packing – distribution advantages
• Increased efficiency in production therefore lower costs to both manufacturer and
 consumer
• Similar strengths and joint integrity achieved at significantly lower cost and less time,
 making products cheaper.

Quarter-sawn timber has its growth rings close to 90° to the face, so it shrinks less in width and is much less likely to cup or warp. This keeps panels and joints stable. It also shows attractive ray figure and wears evenly, making it worth its higher cost for fine furniture.

Memorise pack: T3

• Provides a detailed understanding of quarter sawn timber characteristics
 3
 appropriate for quality furniture production
 • Provides an understanding of quarter sawn timber characteristics
 2
 appropriate for quality furniture production
 • Provides a basic understanding of quarter sawn timber 1

NESA sample answer

Quarter sawn timber while slower to convert provides several advantages to the
designer/manufacturer. Quarter sawn timber has growth rings parallel to the short face, which
typically shows the best grain on the face, provides better resistance to collapse and has better
wear. It has lower shrinkage and less cupping and warping than other cuts thus providing
stable, attractive material.

Answers could include

• Best grain on face
• Good wear resistance
• Lower shrinkage
• Less warping and cupping
• High stability
• Visually appealing.

Select the veneers and a suitable adhesive (urea-formaldehyde) and make a mould or jig of the stool's shape. Cut the veneers to size, allowing for waste. Lay up the veneers with glue between each layer and press them over the mould, using cramps or a vacuum bag and press. Leave the glue to cure fully, then remove the moulding. Trim the edges to final shape and cut the handholds with a router and template. Sand all surfaces and apply a suitable finish.

Memorise pack: T6

• Provides a detailed range of steps applicable to the construction of the
 5
 laminated stool. All processes outlined are logical and correctly sequenced
• Provides a range of steps applicable to the construction of the laminated
 3–4
 stool. All processes outlined are logical and correctly sequenced
• Provides a basic outline of some possible steps applicable to the
 construction of the laminated stool. Limited detail provided or limited 1–2
 logic evident in process

NESA sample answer

Select materials: laminates, glues, etc
 ↓
Obtain suitable tools: cramps
 ↓
Mark/cut out allowing for waste
 ↓
Lay, apply glue and cramp laminate over jig/mould
 ↓
Repeat step 4 as necessary
 ↓
Remove from jig/mould
 ↓
Trim as required
 ↓
Shape handles and base: router
 ↓
Apple suitable finish

Answers could include

• Vacuum press over a mould or jig
• Vacuum bag and mould
Section III

Restructuring means changing a business's personnel, management levels, systems, processes or physical layout, and it can affect quality control both negatively and positively.

Restructuring and quality control: restructuring (changing roles, teams, machinery or layout) can first lower quality because workers moved to new tasks lack skills and morale drops. With retraining, specialised teams and new machinery such as CNC, it can then improve accuracy and consistency, raising quality.

For example, a furniture factory that restructures into specialised teams (machining, assembly, finishing) with a dedicated quality inspector can catch defects at each stage. New workers may also bring fresh attitudes and less complacency. However, staff anxiety about job losses during a restructure can lower care and quality until roles are settled, so communication and retraining are essential.

Memorise pack: S10

• Detailed understanding of the causes and effects of restructuring a
 5
 business on quality control
• Provides characteristics and features of the causes and effects of
 3–4
 restructuring a business on quality control
• Indicates the main features of restructuring and/or quality control 1–2

Answers could include

• Restructuring can involve personnel, systems, processes, physical environment
• Effects can be positive and negative
• Restructuring can cause stress/anxiety on workers, causing a lowering of the quality of the
 product/services
• Workers moved during a restructure may initially lack the skills to perform new tasks,
 retraining must be under taken to provide knowledge to overcome lack of experience. This
 can lead to a short drop in quality of the product/services.
• New workers can provide a fresh attitude and show less complacency, possibly improving
 the quality of product/services
• The introduction of new machinery can improve the quality of products through increased
 accuracy, precision and output
• Restructuring personnel into specific teams with designated roles can help to improve
 product quality through skill specialisation

New technology has had a very positive effect on production and efficiency in the timber products and furniture industry, although its high cost and effect on jobs reduce its value for some businesses.

CAD allows designs to be drawn, changed and reused quickly from libraries of standard parts, and sent electronically to clients and factories, saving drafting time and delivery costs.

Parts are designed in CAD, and CAM nesting software arranges them on the sheet with the least waste. The machine then cuts, drills and grooves whole sheets of board automatically, with vacuum hold-down and automatic tool changes. This improves the industry by increasing accuracy and repeatability, cutting material waste and labour time, and allowing custom-sized kitchen and wardrobe cabinets to be produced quickly at mass-production cost.

3D printing and CAD renders allow rapid prototypes that clients can approve before production, reducing costly changes later.

Impact on quality and waste: automation removes human error, so every part is identical and joints fit, improving quality control. CAM nesting software minimises offcuts, reducing material costs and environmental impact.

Impact on the workforce: automation reduces demand for unskilled machine operators and traditional hand skills, causing job losses and resistance. It also creates new skilled roles in CNC programming, CAD design and machine maintenance, and removes workers from dangerous tasks at saws, improving WHS.

Limitations: automated lines are very expensive for small businesses, and mass production suits standard products rather than one-off pieces. Small workshops survive by making bespoke solid-timber furniture.

Overall, the value of new technology is high: it greatly increases productivity, accuracy and material efficiency and makes custom furniture affordable, provided businesses can fund it and retrain workers.

Memorise pack: S4, S5

• Provides a detailed judgement of the value of new technology with an
 10
 explanation of its effects on production and efficiency in the industry
• Provides an effective judgement of the value of new technology with a
 8–9
 description of its effects on production and efficiency in the industry
• Provides some measure of the value of new technology with features of its
 5–7
 effects on production and efficiency in the industry
• Attempts to provide an assessment of the effect of new technology on
 3–4
 production and/or efficiency in the industry
• Lists aspects of new technology or production or efficiency in the industry 1–2

NESA sample answer

There are ways to determine the value of new technology improving production and
efficiency. CAD drawings have allowed faster production due to reduced time in planning and
drawing. These drawings are able to have elements such as a library of parts, which can be
reused and save time for the business, therefore increasing efficiency in the production of
drawings. For example, if you consistently use one component of a drawing, eg a particular
cog, then you can save complex drawings and reuse and edit them. CAD drawings allow for
electronic distribution of drawings around the world via the internet (even attached to emails).
This could previously not have been done with hand drawings, as the drawings would have to
be physically sent. This fast method of distribution is a significant cost saving, which is more
efficient due to the time and cost saved by not having down time when waiting for delivery.
With electronic distribution, there are no postal costs and no flying workers around the world
with drawings/plans to attend meetings. In addition, if you were sending physical drawings,
these may be lost. CAD allows for multiple backups to be made so the work will be able to be
sent again reducing duplication of effort. As this globalisation has been made so much easier
by the introduction of new technologies, you also have access to a global work force, and
companies can get more qualified and experienced staff which are then likely to work more
efficiently, thus increasing the amount of drawings produced in a set time.
3D printing allows rapid prototyping in the early stages of production. It allows concept
sketches to be produced quickly, and then tested as a physical prototype to scale. This
physical prototype is faster to generate than previous methods such as creating cardboard
models thus reducing money the company may have spent on labour costs and freeing up this
capital for re-investment. This model can then be shown to clients and feedback given which
is then applied to the model. The time within the design process in preparing for production is
then minimised, as changes can be made quickly and easily to the model based on feedback.
This is a more efficient process, as previously, feedback would be received, drawing would
have to be modified then new drawings printed, or perhaps new models created. This can all
be done in the one process now with the model that is used for the prototype can then be
repurposed and sent out for production, thus saving time in making a separate prototype and
product, therefore being more efficient. Some 3D printers also print in different resins that can
be used for things such as moulding and casting of multiple copies of objects. This is time and
cost efficient and allows smaller businesses that do not have access to large budgets to be
competitive in the market.
2015 HSC Industrial Technology
Timber Products and Furniture Technologies

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