2020 HSC Timber paper

C

C

B

A

C

C or D

B

Spotted gum (also blackbutt, jarrah, ironbark or tallowwood).

Memorise pack: notes 3.1

• Names one suitable Australian hardwood 1

NESA sample answer

• Jarrah.

Answers could include

• Iron bark
• Spotted gum
• Red mahogany
• Brushbox
• Blackbutt
• Sydney bluegum
• Tallowwood
• Turpentine
• Other Australian hardwoods.

Rounded edges are more comfortable to sit on and safer, as there are no sharp arrises to cut or bruise users. They are also less likely to splinter or chip, and the finish adheres better and lasts longer on a rounded edge than on a sharp one.

Memorise pack: notes 3.8

• Outlines reasons for rounded edges 2
• Identifies a reason for rounded edges 1

NESA sample answer

Rounded edges improve safety by removing sharp edges and decreasing the risk of
splinters. Rounded edges can also improve the appearance of a design.

Answers could include

• Rounded edges decrease the possibility of edges being damaged.
• Rounded edges can decrease production costs due to the fact that adjoining faces can
 contain small defects with less chance of being noticed.
• Rounded edges allow an applied finish to be more durable due to less chance of damage.
• Rounded edges can make a design appear more ‘smooth’ and less harsh to the observer.
• It is easier to apply a finish to a rounded edge as opposed to a sharp edge.
• Finishes tend to ‘pull back’ from sharp edges, leaving a thinner coating.
NESA 2020 HSC Industrial Technology – Timber Products and Furniture Technologies Marking Guidelines

Count each part from the side view and front details (legs, rails, cleats, slats, cross support), take lengths from the drawing, and multiply quantity × length to give the total length for each part. The exact table depends on the diagram; check the 2020 marking guidelines.

Memorise pack: T16

• Calculates/identifies all measurements and quantities 3
• Calculates/identifies most measurements and/or quantities 2
• Provides some relevant measurements or calculations 1

NESA sample answer

Part Quantity required Length Width Thickness Total length
 Leg 4 450 90 42 1800
 Rail 4 175 90 42 700
 Cross support 1 676 90 42 676
 Cleat 2 265 42 42 530
 Slat 3 900 90 30 2700

Use a mortise and tenon joint. Mark the tenon (about one-third of the rail thickness) and the mortise with a mortise gauge set to the chisel width. Cut the mortise in the bottom rail with a mortise chisel or a hollow-chisel mortiser, slightly deeper than the tenon length. Saw the tenon cheeks and shoulders with a tenon saw (or a tenoning jig on the table saw), and pare it to a firm fit. Dry-assemble to check, then glue with an exterior adhesive (e.g. epoxy) and cramp, checking for square.

Memorise pack: T10

• Identifies a suitable joint and outlines the features of its production 4
• Identifies a suitable joint and outlines some of the features of its
 3
 production
• Identifies a joint and provides some information about its production
 2
 OR outlines some features of the production of a suitable timber joint
• Provides some relevant information 1

NESA sample answer

Name of joint: Mortise and tenon joint
Outline of joint production: Mark out the mortise on the rail using appropriate tools. Use a
mallet and chisel, mortising machine, or other suitable machinery to cut the mortise. Repeat
on the opposite rail. Mark out the tenon on the cross support using appropriate tools. Cut the
tenon using a tenon saw, drop saw or other suitable equipment. Dry assemble. Adjust joint to
fit. Repeat on other end of cross support.

Answers could include

• Domino joint
• Dowel joint
• Housing joint.
NESA 2020 HSC Industrial Technology – Timber Products and Furniture Technologies Marking Guidelines

Use an exterior decking oil (a penetrating oil with UV and water repellents). Preparation: fill holes with exterior filler, then sand with the grain through the grits (e.g. 120 then 180). Raise the grain with a damp cloth, let it dry and sand lightly again, then remove all dust. Application: brush or wipe the oil on along the grain, let it soak in, and wipe off the excess after the recommended time. Apply two or three coats, allowing drying time between them, and re-oil regularly as the seat weathers.

Memorise pack: T11

• Names a suitable finish and provides characteristics and features of the
 5
 preparation and application of the finish
• Names a suitable finish and provides characteristics and features of the
 preparation and application of the finish with some minor omissions
OR 4
• Provides detailed characteristics and features of the preparation and
 application of the finish
• Names a finish and/or provides some relevant information relating to the
 2–3
 preparation and/or application of the finish
• Provides some relevant information 1

NESA sample answer

Remove dents, scratches and other imperfections with coarse abrasive paper. If a very fine
surface is required, wipe down with a warm, damp cloth to raise the grain. Allow to dry and
finish with finer abrasive paper, remembering to sand with the grain. Optional: Fill the grain
with appropriate grain filler. Fill any nail holes with appropriate putty. Finish sand with fine
abrasive paper. Remove dust. Apply 3–4 coats of exterior polyurethane with a cloth, brush
or spray. Sand with fine abrasive paper between coats, removing dust before re-coating.
Don’t sand after last coat.

Answers could include

• Exterior oil, varnish, epoxy
• Exterior finish should be specified
• Exterior polyurethane
• Exterior paint.
NESA 2020 HSC Industrial Technology – Timber Products and Furniture Technologies Marking Guidelines
Section III

An environmental impact assessment checks threatened species, waterways and pollution risk, and the site needs waste management and room for dust extraction. Impact on the surrounding population: noise, dust and truck movements mean factories should be in industrial zones away from homes.

Transport facilities: timber products are bulky and heavy, so access to highways, rail and ports cuts freight costs and emissions. A site near the sawmill reduces raw material transport, while a site near the city reduces delivery costs and time to customers.

Land costs and availability: land near Sydney is expensive, while regional land (e.g. near mills in Oberon or Tumut) is cheaper and allows larger factories and storage yards. Workforce and resources: the site needs access to skilled workers (cabinet makers, CNC operators) and reliable power and water.

Legislative requirements also apply: council zoning and development approval, and EPA licensing under the NSW Protection of the Environment Operations Act 1997. Overall, the best location balances land and transport costs with environmental and community impact, which directly affects the viability of the business.

Memorise pack: S8, S7

• Provides comprehensive understanding of the characteristics and
 features of environmental factors that need to be considered when 5
 selecting a new site for the company
• Provides a sound understanding of the characteristics and features of
 environmental factors that need to be considered when selecting a new 4
 site
• Sketches in general terms environmental factors that need to be
 considered when selecting a new site
 3
OR
• Provides characteristics and features of one environmental factor
• Shows some understanding of environmental factors that need to be
 2
 considered when selecting a new site
• Provides some relevant information 1

NESA sample answer

The company needs to consider how the location of its operation will affect endangered
species. For example, if an Environmental Impact Statement were to highlight a negative
impact on endangered species, the business may need to be relocated or strategies
implemented that minimise its impact on the endangered species.
Transportation also needs to be considered. For example, receiving raw materials and
distributing finished products to market would require access to arterial roads, rail,
air/seaports. Being in close proximity to such distribution networks reduces the impact on the
environment. Personal and public transport should also provide efficient access to a
workforce. Fewer cars on the road means fewer emissions.

Answers could include

• Alternative resources: • Location:
 – power – land costs and availability
 – materials – transportation facilities
 – processes – workforce
 – limitations. – impact on surrounding population
 • Recycling and reusing – resource availability
 • Waste management and minimisation – geographical factors
 • Pollution – waste management
 • Sustainable development – environmental studies.
 • Rehabilitation of commercial sites
 • Legislative requirements:
 – local
 – state
 – federal.
NESA 2020 HSC Industrial Technology – Timber Products and Furniture Technologies Marking Guidelines

A timber and furniture company can significantly reduce its continuing environmental impact through sustainable sourcing, waste minimisation, cleaner energy and processes, and responsible finishing. Each strategy has costs as well as benefits.

Sustainable materials: buying FSC or Responsible Wood certified, plantation or recycled timber protects native forests and meets the Illegal Logging Prohibition Act. This also attracts environmentally aware customers, although certified timber can cost more and supply can be limited.

Waste minimisation: CAD/CAM nesting software and economical cutting lists reduce offcuts. Sawdust and shavings can be sold for particleboard, animal bedding or burnt in a biomass boiler to heat kilns. This reduces landfill and saves money, but nesting software and CNC machines need large up-front investment.

Energy: installing rooftop solar with batteries, LED lighting, efficient motors and running energy-hungry kilns off-peak cut greenhouse emissions and power bills. The payback period may be several years.

Finishes and pollution: switching to low-VOC water-based finishes, using filtered spray booths and taking solvents to approved chemical waste facilities reduces air and water pollution and protects workers. Water-based finishes may need more coats.

Product design: durable, repairable furniture, flat-pack transport to reduce freight emissions, and take-back or buy-back schemes extend product life and keep timber out of landfill.

Overall, the most effective strategies are those that cut costs as well as impact, such as waste minimisation, energy efficiency and sustainable sourcing. A formal environmental policy ensures the company complies with legislation and continually improves.

Memorise pack: S9

• Provides detailed strategies the company could implement to minimise its
 9–10
 continuing environmental impact and provides points for and/or against
• Provides sound strategies the company could implement to minimise its
 7–8
 continuing environmental impact and provides points for and/or against
• Describes some strategies the company could implement to minimise its
 continuing environmental impact
OR 5–6
• Identifies a strategy the company could implement to minimise its
 continuing environmental impact and provides points for and/or against
• Outlines strategies the company could implement to minimise its continuing
 3–4
 environmental impact
• Provides some relevant information 1–2

Answers could include

• Recycling
• ‘Green’ energy
• Use of off peak electricity
• Paperless office
• Use alternative resources
• Look for power-saving alternatives like LED light bulbs, motion-sensing to control lighting,
 LED computer monitors etc
• Prioritise buying or replacing equipment and appliances with their better energy rating
 alternatives.
The company must develop an environmental policy to show its commitment to the
regulations, laws as well as other policy mechanisms that are concerned with environmental
issues. Environmental policy affects businesses because the law impels organisations to
change their operational procedures and equipment – which can cost businesses a lot of
money – in order to meet those standards.
Companies must consider using fuel saving measures – power supply for machines, fuel for
trucks, routes taken by trucks, operations at night near communities.
Collecting of old products from roadsides and communities – scheme for metal buy back,
recycling bins in communities for dumping unwanted metal to be collected.
Use of solar energy, use of batteries to store extra solar power to be used at night. Reduce
carbon footprint.
NESA 2020 HSC Industrial Technology – Timber Products and Furniture Technologies Marking Guidelines
2020 HSC Industrial Technology
Timber Products and Furniture Technologies